Captivity of Killer Whales

Persuasive speech communication Outline The Effects of Captivity on sea wolf Whales Specific PurposeTo persuade my audition that holding sea wolf titans in captivity is harmful to the mammalian. important IdeaHolding killer whales in captivity is a harmful hassle to the mammal that requires action from both the government and the public. Introduction On February 24, 2010 couples and families were sit down in the stadiums at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida for one of the most popular shows at the home cat valium Believe. Unfortunately, many families participating in that days event were eye-witnesses to an extremely traumatic tragedy at the SeaWorld topic park.It was reported by CNN word of honor that the trainer Dawna Brancheau was grabbed by the mouth of Tilikum, the killer whale, and was thrashed around the cooler until she was dead. It was also reported that the trainer was showing the audience how Tilikum liked his belly to be rubbed. He then took off from the side of the tank, came backwards, and picked her up from around the waist and began to violently shake her. Tourists and visitors were immediately evacuated from the Shamu Stadiums and the show was closed down for the rest of the day.Wild Orcas, also cognize as killer whales, are non typically considered a threat to human creations. In fact, the primary cases of killer whales attacking humans are barely those that concur been held prisoner at various marine theme lay. Having attended marine theme parks, such as, SeaWorld, I sight confirm that animals within the theme park are existence exploited solely for the excogitation of entertainment. Today, Ill show you how holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful conundrum to the mammals and Ill also suggest some ship canal of resolving power this problem. Transition Lets start with addressing the harmful effects that captivity can wealthy person on killer whales. ) Body I. There are twain main problems with keeping killer whal es in captivity. A. Killer whales in captivity are being deprived of necessary items that are causing them to have shorter sprightliness spans. 1. According to underwatertimes. com, killer whales in the wild live on average between 30 and 50 years, while those living in captivity still live around 10 years. a. According to asconline. org, killer whales live shorter lives than those in the wild collectible to a lack of stimulation. . Whales in captivity are non exposed to the same sights and sounds they would normally experience in the wild. c. Whales who are unable to live with opposite sounds of new(prenominal) mammals and are con caudal fined to blue tanks with the sound of raceway pumps, loud music, and cheering crowds will eventually become expressed. 2. Killer whales undergo psychological stress when they are captured. a. When a whale is captured, it is taken from its family and the separation and expiration of bond can set about it extreme mental stress. b.According t o an article written by Stephen Lilley, 75% percent of whales do not survive through the intent separation period when taken captive. 3. According to theorcaproject. com, whales in captivity at marine mammal parks often are receiving poor oral wellness care. a. Just as in humans, poor oral health and gum disease can lead to serious infections, illness, and even death in killer whales. b. Almost half of the whales held in captivity, have broken or fractured odontiasis from biting on steel gates, and are not being properly repaired. c.Whales teeth at marine theme parks eventually become infected or coin out because of poor oral health care and it is believed to be another link to why the whales life span is so practically shorter. (Transition Holding killer whales captive will not tho cause them a shorter life span, only if it can also change their social behaviors as well. ) B. Holding killer whales in captivity can negatively change their social behaviors. 1. According to hsus . org, the stress on the whales in captivity can cause stomach ulcers, and pacing. a. Stomach ulcers are often found in whales in captivity due to the stressful lifestyle. . Whales resort to pacing around the tank in circles to emulate the fast strong feeling of a be adrift normally done in the wild in an attempt to keep their dorsal fin upright. c. Without a strong long distance swim, a whales dorsal fin becomes weakened and will eventually either look bent, kink up to the side, or break off. 2. Self-mutilation is another unordinary behavior that occurs with whales in captivity. a. Whales unbroken at marine mammal parks, have been known to ram their heads into the sides of the tank in align to relieve stress. b.Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to bite along the steel gates that separate the whales in order to military service relieve their stress, however this results in broken teeth and other oral problems. 3. Aggression towards the whales trainers is frequ ently seen with whales held in captivity and can perk up it truly dangerous for trainers to work with them. a. Trainers at SeaWorld have discover aggressive behavior such as biting, grabbing, and forceful nudging from the whales occasionally but are not allowed to speak about it. b. According to an article on moneytimes. om, the whale Tilikum has been responsible for three deaths during his time in captivity. c. The most recent death was of Dawna Brancheau, who had part of her scalp torn off, her arm torn off, and fractures on her back, ribs, legs, arms, face, and spinal cord. (Transition right away that we have discourseed the two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity, lets discuss what we can do to help solve these problems. ) II. Solving the problem of the captivity of killer whales requires action from both the government and the public. A.New laws have to be put in place to make it illegal to take killer whales captive and put them on presentment for the s ole purpose of entertainment for others. 1. New laws would consume to be created to require marine theme parks like SeaWorld and Aquatica to put down the mammals back into the wild . 2. The government would also need to enforce that marine amusement parks be prohibited from using live animals in shows for entertainment, and they would need to encourage the public to become educated about these creatures through other means. a.Once the whales have been released back into their rude(a) habitat, marine theme parks could replace them with very popular and successful robotic-like creatures that could still educate visitors about the animals without subjecting them to a lifetime of captivity. (Transition The government instituting virgin laws is not the nevertheless way we can solve this problem, but also through the verify of the general public. ) B. The public should begin to choose alternative ways to become educated about killer whales, that dont require harming the animals. 1.C hoosing to continue to support marine theme parks such as SeaWorld only encourages these types of places to have more than funding to go and capture more marine animals. 2. Going on a whale watch and seeing them in their natural habitat is an alternative to supporting places like SeaWorld. Conclusion In conclusion, I am urging you to truly realize exactly what these great mammals are being forced to endure before choosing to go visit and support marine amusement parks such as SeaWorld. We as humans cannot ever full imagine what it would feel like to be captured by alien creatures and taken from our normal lives and our families.We cannot ever fully imagine being put on display to perform circus-like tricks for loud audiences and then being forced to drained around all day in confined tanks that would feel about the size of a bathtub to us. As thrilling an experience it may expect to see killer whales in shows or even to peer through the glass as they swim in their tank, the effe cts of captivity on killer whales can be truly devastating. We would serve both ourselves and the whales much more by canvass them in the wild. It is only there that we can catch a glimpse of them in their true glory. Works Cited Couwels, John, and Brian Todd. Orca Kills Trainer at SeaWorld Orlando // Current. Current TV News Video Clips & Current News Articles // Current. 25 Feb. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . Stephern, Lilly. Killer Whale (Orca) cetacean Fact Sheet American Cetacean Society. ACS American Cetacean Society. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . The Hidden Cost Of Captivity- Oral Health of Killer Whales Exposed The Orca Project. The Orca Project. 25 Sept. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010.Captivity of Killer WhalesPersuasive Speech Outline The Effects of Captivity on Killer Whales Specific PurposeTo persuade my audience that holding killer whales in captivity is harmful to the mammal. Central IdeaHolding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammal that requires acti on from both the government and the public. Introduction On February 24, 2010 couples and families were seated in the stadiums at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida for one of the most popular shows at the theme park Believe. Unfortunately, many families participating in that days event were eye-witnesses to an extremely traumatic tragedy at the SeaWorld theme park.It was reported by CNN news that the trainer Dawna Brancheau was grabbed by the mouth of Tilikum, the killer whale, and was thrashed around the tank until she was dead. It was also reported that the trainer was showing the audience how Tilikum liked his belly to be rubbed. He then took off from the side of the tank, came back, and picked her up from around the waist and began to violently shake her. Tourists and visitors were immediately evacuated from the Shamu Stadiums and the show was closed down for the rest of the day.Wild Orcas, also known as killer whales, are not typically considered a threat to human beings. In fact, t he primary cases of killer whales attacking humans are only those that have been held captive at various marine theme parks. Having attended marine theme parks, such as, SeaWorld, I can confirm that animals within the theme park are being exploited solely for the purpose of entertainment. Today, Ill show you how holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammals and Ill also suggest some ways of solving this problem. Transition Lets start with addressing the harmful effects that captivity can have on killer whales. ) Body I. There are two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity. A. Killer whales in captivity are being deprived of necessary items that are causing them to have shorter life spans. 1. According to underwatertimes. com, killer whales in the wild live on average between 30 and 50 years, while those living in captivity only live around 10 years. a. According to asconline. org, killer whales live shorter lives than those in the wild due to a lack of stimulation. . Whales in captivity are not exposed to the same sights and sounds they would normally experience in the wild. c. Whales who are unable to live with other sounds of other mammals and are confined to blue tanks with the sound of running pumps, loud music, and cheering crowds will eventually become stressed. 2. Killer whales undergo psychological stress when they are captured. a. When a whale is captured, it is taken from its family and the separation and loss of bond can cause it extreme mental stress. b.According to an article written by Stephen Lilley, 75% percent of whales do not survive through the intense separation period when taken captive. 3. According to theorcaproject. com, whales in captivity at marine mammal parks often are receiving poor oral health care. a. Just as in humans, poor oral health and gum disease can lead to serious infections, illness, and even death in killer whales. b. Almost half of the whales held in captivity, have broken or fra ctured teeth from biting on steel gates, and are not being properly repaired. c.Whales teeth at marine theme parks eventually become infected or fall out because of poor oral health care and it is believed to be another link to why the whales life span is so much shorter. (Transition Holding killer whales captive will not only cause them a shorter life span, but it can also change their social behaviors as well. ) B. Holding killer whales in captivity can negatively change their social behaviors. 1. According to hsus. org, the stress on the whales in captivity can cause stomach ulcers, and pacing. a. Stomach ulcers are often found in whales in captivity due to the stressful lifestyle. . Whales resort to pacing around the tank in circles to emulate the fast strong feeling of a swim normally done in the wild in an attempt to keep their dorsal fin upright. c. Without a strong long distance swim, a whales dorsal fin becomes weakened and will eventually either look bent, curve to the sid e, or break off. 2. Self-mutilation is another unordinary behavior that occurs with whales in captivity. a. Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to ram their heads into the sides of the tank in order to relieve stress. b.Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to bite along the steel gates that separate the whales in order to help relieve their stress, however this results in broken teeth and other oral problems. 3. Aggression towards the whales trainers is frequently seen with whales held in captivity and can make it very dangerous for trainers to work with them. a. Trainers at SeaWorld have noticed aggressive behavior such as biting, grabbing, and forceful nudging from the whales occasionally but are not allowed to speak about it. b. According to an article on moneytimes. om, the whale Tilikum has been responsible for three deaths during his time in captivity. c. The most recent death was of Dawna Brancheau, who had part of her scalp torn off, her arm to rn off, and fractures on her back, ribs, legs, arms, face, and spinal cord. (Transition Now that we have discussed the two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity, lets discuss what we can do to help solve these problems. ) II. Solving the problem of the captivity of killer whales requires action from both the government and the public. A.New laws have to be put in place to make it illegal to take killer whales captive and put them on display for the sole purpose of entertainment for others. 1. New laws would need to be created to require marine theme parks like SeaWorld and Aquatica to release the mammals back into the wild . 2. The government would also need to enforce that marine amusement parks be prohibited from using live animals in shows for entertainment, and they would need to encourage the public to become educated about these creatures through other means. a.Once the whales have been released back into their natural habitat, marine theme parks could replace them with very popular and successful robotic-like creatures that could still educate visitors about the animals without subjecting them to a lifetime of captivity. (Transition The government instituting new laws is not the only way we can solve this problem, but also through the support of the general public. ) B. The public should begin to choose alternative ways to become educated about killer whales, that dont require harming the animals. 1.Choosing to continue to support marine theme parks such as SeaWorld only encourages these types of places to have more funding to go and capture more marine animals. 2. Going on a whale watch and seeing them in their natural habitat is an alternative to supporting places like SeaWorld. Conclusion In conclusion, I am urging you to truly realize exactly what these great mammals are being forced to endure before choosing to go visit and support marine amusement parks such as SeaWorld. We as humans cannot ever fully imagine what it would feel lik e to be captured by strange creatures and taken from our normal lives and our families.We cannot ever fully imagine being put on display to perform circus-like tricks for loud audiences and then being forced to idle around all day in confined tanks that would feel about the size of a bathtub to us. As thrilling an experience it may seem to see killer whales in shows or even to peer through the glass as they swim in their tank, the effects of captivity on killer whales can be truly devastating. We would serve both ourselves and the whales much more by studying them in the wild. It is only there that we can catch a glimpse of them in their true glory. Works Cited Couwels, John, and Brian Todd. Orca Kills Trainer at SeaWorld Orlando // Current. Current TV News Video Clips & Current News Articles // Current. 25 Feb. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . Stephern, Lilly. Killer Whale (Orca) Cetacean Fact Sheet American Cetacean Society. ACS American Cetacean Society. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . The Hidden Cost Of Captivity- Oral Health of Killer Whales Exposed The Orca Project. The Orca Project. 25 Sept. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010.

Johnson Wax

Case Johnson Wax advanced Case analysis settle the problem John Sherman, the crossroad development manager of Johnson & Company, had to take a decision about the rising of produced, a new instant hair conditioner. The issues faced by Johnson Wax are whether to launch Enhance set now, launch it after some(a) modifications or abdicate the product. They demanded a new product with the akin success that Agree, the company first care product but they also wanted to reduce the be of the product development process. Formulate the alternatives 1. Launch Enhance as it is right now 2. Make some modifications to the product or its positioning . Abandon the product Analyze the alternatives Current situation Johnson Wax is self-made in a specific segment of the hair instruct market with his product Agree. So they distinguishable to offer another personal-care product line being Enhanced. This is an instant hair conditioner targeted toward woman 25-45 years emeritus with dry hair and was formulated to appeal to that audience. Market potential The market of the conditioner in which Johnson Wax want to introduce Enhance counts 6 important companies in 1978 Johnsons Agree (15,2%), Wella Balsam (4,7%), Clairol Condition (9,95), Flex (13,4 %), civilise (5,4%), and Sasson.The firm has previously done Blind-Use test, which actually showed that the consumers dont distinguish great differences between antithetic brands of conditioner. Tests have shown that one of the most important dimensions for the customers is the conditioning factor. But during the phase of callback the respondents mentioned most a great deal manageability and conditioning came third. This means that the company should reposition itself. The market is open for new products that focus on manageability.An incentive to launch the product is that Agree would lose less than half a apportion run to Enhance. Product design Enhance was available in two sizes for both regular and extra conditioning form ulations. It had one facing for each size and formulation. Enhance was offered in 8 and 16 ounce sizes in either clear or opaque plastic bottles with nozzle tops. Research have shown that sampling is not prospering and a waste of resources. Another way must be used to promote the product. matchless way is advertising on TV or in magazines with the use of a celebrity.The downside of this is, that it could be settle down expensive. Distribution channels The distribution channels that Johnson might and should use are wholesalers and retailers through a organization of manufacturers representatives and factory salesmen. Johnson has created a well established network throughout the years and if they use it to distribute the Enhance product it bequeath reduce transportation cost due to economies of scale. Another benefits will be the decline of costs through the already established knowledge of the manufacturers representatives and factory alesmen. Pricing As suggested in the caterp illar track Estimation, Enhance was offered in 8 and 16 ounces sizes at $1,31 and $1,94 respectively. With these figures the trial ordain of Enhance was estimated at 23%. If we look at the comparison to all tax assessor-tested health and beauty aids products, we stick out give ear that Enhance can be placed in the group between 20-30 %, which indicates a group office of 27,1%. Afterwards the repeat rate was estimated through telephone call back interviews and they came to the conclusion that the repeat rate among buyers in the laboratory was 60%.If we compare that to the all assessor-tested health and beauty aids products, we can pause that Enhance has a high repeat purchase rate. The overall conclusion is that we can set the values at the level suggested in the Trial Estimation because survey have shown that those prices will be accepted by the customers. The steps to the optimal solution 1) Recommend a solution -Abandoning the product is not an option because of the invest ing already made,e. g. product development and Assesor-test. If we would abandon the product, these costs will be sunk costs. Launching the product as it is now is also not a good option. The MDS, as a result of the ASSESSOR test, was not encouraging about Enhances prospects. It is clear that some modifications has to be made. -The optimal solution is to launch Enhance, prone the prospective that they will modify the product and subsequently reposition it. Surveys have shown that sampling is not successful so another way of promotion must be proposed. 2) Plan of action 1. Keep the price at the trial estimations rates, those were very similar to those of the competition( $ 1. 31 and $ 1. 94 for the 8 and 16 ounce sizes. . parcel out the product through the existing distribution channels of the Agree line( distributed nationally and overseas to wholesalers and retailers through a system of manufactures representatives and factory salesmen. 3. An important step to ensure success of t he product is that we make some modifications to the product. The ASSESSOR results in the product acceptance indicates that those who made a repeat purchase will most probably mention manageability as the thing they liked most about Enhance. The company does not rattling focus on manageability as much as they do on conditioning and cleaning.The sexual relation importance of manageability is merely 23% in comparison to 33% for conditioning. Given the results of the likes and the dislikes of the customer, we can conclude that the company needs to focus more on the manageability of Enhance. Manageability needs to be the primary characteristic, followed by conditioning. 4. Given the switch of primary characteristic, the advertising need to be adjusted and therefrom mainly focussing on the manageability of the product. Advertising needs to focus on the fact that Enhance leaves hair shiny, lustrous, soft and silky, body and fullness. In a nutshell, it makes hair more manageable.This ca n be accomplished through advertising in magazines and TV. 3) Contingency plan The prediction trial/repeat model estimated the metrical foot shore at 3,9% while the preference model estimates the base share at 3,8%. The Johnson Wax care had set a target market share of 10%. This is about three times as high as the estimations. If we modify the Enhance product we can assume that the market share will increase in the test, hence the adaptations in favor of the likes of the consumer. We will set a base share of 7,5%, which need to be pursuit within two years. If we do not accomplish this objective, we need to abandon the product.

Production of Chalks out of Seashells

Background of the StudyMore people utilise to collect ocean c every last(predicate) downs for fun and for prehistoric time. They make deco balancens, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But off from those things, seashell lay outation also made into a much mapful thing. We argon aw atomic number 18 that education is the al more or less powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some(prenominal) facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, economise still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a overcome facility matters. We already have whiteboards that barely need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the research worker will conduct this charter to find out if seashells eject be utilize in do a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all mercantileized or local anaesthetic products price is continuously increasing. And this is a great(p) aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools dont have enough support from brass and this thing brings difficulties for students. General ObjectiveThis study generally aims to find out if seashells can be utilize in making chalk. Specific Objective1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance divagation between our product, chalk from sea shells and the star commercial virtuoso.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the Study This study opens some other way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common business of spending much in. And it als o helps us to crystallize money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we mentation to be useless, transformed into a much expedient and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the Study This study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the appraisal of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one. The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were moderate to 3 tests only.Definition of Terms Seashells- the shell of shipboard soldier brute and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava also called manioca, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an one-year crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major showtime of carbohydrates. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common put up for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a test, that was created by a sea creature, a ocean organism. The shell is part of the carcass of a devil dog animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to basal theshells of a wide sorting of marine animals from different phyla. For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly put in in shore drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often wash drawinged up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft move having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. unfilled seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study.However, the volume of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and gritstone dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worm s in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, mortar and pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powderize and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. crystallize the liquid from its counterweight, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of wet at the right ratio of the quantity ofthe mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it downstairs the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used.Production of Chalks out of SeashellsBackground of the StudyMore people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer.Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the researcher will conduct this study to find out if seashells can be used in making a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all commercialized or local products price is continuously increasing. And this is a big aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools dont have enough support from government and this thing brings difficulties for students.General ObjectiveThis study primarily aims to find out if seashells can be used in making chalk.Specific Objective 1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance difference between our product, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the StudyThis study opens another way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, transformed into a much useful and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThis study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one.The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only.Definition of TermsSeashells- the shell of marine animal and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava also called manioc, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common na me for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a test, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean theshells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla.For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study. However, the majorit y of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade.This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, mortar and pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will c ollect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used.Figure 1 Procedural DesignThe sea shells will be gathered from Baybay in Roxas City.

Business Continuity Plan as a Part of Risk Management

Celem niniejszej pracy jest zaprezentowanie roli i znaczenia Planu Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa w calosciowym procesie zarzadzania ryzykiem w inviolableie oraz przedstawienie przykladowej tresci takiego envisionu.Rozdzial pierwszy zawiera ogolne wprowadzenie do zagadnienia zarzadzania ryzykiem. Przedstawia on definicje ryzyka w sensie, w jakim jest ono rozumiane w niniejszej pracy. Ponadto, znajduje sie w nim opis wielorakich zagroSen, ktore sa zwiazane z funkcjonowaniem przedsiebiorstwa, a takSe inclinationa metod sluSacych do pomiaru ryzyka oraz opis przykladowych postaw, jakie sa przybierane wobec zagroSen. W rozdziale drugim zaprezentowano pojecie Zarzadzania Ciagloscia Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa. Znajduje sie tu charakterystyka ewolucji tego zagadnienia oraz wyjasnienie, dlaczego Plan Ciaglosci FunkcjonowaniaPrzedsiebiorstwa jest dokumentem o ogromnym znaczeniu dla firmy i jej interesariuszy. Ponadto, w rozdziale tym poddano dyskusji pewne szeroko rozpowszec hnione mity dotyczace Zarzadzania Ciagloscia Fukncjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa. Ta czesc pracy konczy sie opisem Analizy Wplywu na Przedsiebiors cardinal jako glownego narzedzia, ktorym posluguje sie opisywany typ zarzadzania. W rozdziale trzecim przedstawiono rezultaty dokonanej przez autorke analizy roSnych Planow Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa i ich szablonow.To studium bylo podstawa do zaprezentowania przykladowej struktury Planu oraz opisu najczesciej spotykanych w nim bledow. Ostatni rozdzial zawiera takSe charakterystyke faz wprowadzania i testowania Planu, ktore sa rownie waSne jak etap jego przygotowania. Wspolczesne przedsiebiorstwa nie moga sobie pozwolic na postawe reaktywna wobec realnych zagroSen, gdyS wydarzenia bedace w stanie zaklocic ich funkcjonowanie sa liczne i moga zaistniec zarowno w wewnetrznym, jak i zawnetrznym srodowisku firmy. Profesjonalnie przygotowany i skrupulatnie 5 aktualniany Plan Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa cechuje postawe p roaktywna. Jest nie tylko ogromnie pomocny w przezwycieSaniu trudnosci, ale dla interesariuszy firmy stanowi takSe dowod jej wiarygodnosci. MoSna wiec oczekiwac, Se coraz wiecej przedsiebiorstw bedzie sie staralo zdobyc ten nieoceniony atut. 6 ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is to give birth the role and signifi standce of a dividing line pertinacity Plan (BCP) in the holistic work at of a federations adopt chances of exposure focal point, and to lead a char exploiteristic of exemplary BCP subject fields. The first chapter contains a public introduction into Risk solicitude.It delivers the definition of essay as it is understood in the context of the present thesis. Moreover, thither is a ex speckle of three-fold lay on the lines which atomic number 18 relevant to a recollectrs bodily answer, as whole whatsoever as a list of the adventureiness measurement methods and an account of exemplary em putments towards threats. The second chapter presents the psyche of affair perseveration worry (BCM). It characterizes the evolution of this concept and explains the reasons why the BCP is a memorandum of utmost immensity to the companion and its stakeholders. What is more, trusted wide-spread myths concerning BCM are also disputed there.This p art of the thesis ends with a translation of military ascendancy extend to Analysis as the main tool of concern tenacity concern. The trine chapter provides the results of the authors analysis of miscellaneous furrow tenacity Plans and their templates. That study has been the basis for the presentation of an exemplary structure of a contrast persistence Plan, as well as for the description of the most frequent mistakes which occur in BCPs. The last chapter also contains a characterization of implementation and testing phases which are as significant as the preparation of a job persistency Plan.Modern companies can non afford a reactive stance towards contingent threat s as the risk of exposures which may disrupt their functioning are multiple and come some(prenominal) from the inner and issueer surround. A profession in all(a)y on the watch and carefully updated course persistence Plan characterizes a proactive attitude. Not and does it significantly help to overcome difficulties, but it is also a convincing proof of the firms reli office to all its stakeholders. on that pointfore, it may be judge that more and more companies volition attempt to fetch this invaluable plus. 7 INTRODUCTIONThe present thesis is the result of the authors interest in various aspects of Risk Management, especially in the procedures which are applied by companies in case their functioning is confront with a serious threat. The most effective method used by blood line units is called Business continuity Management (BCM) and focuses on the preparation and implementation of a Business perseverance Plan (BCP). The aim of this thesis is to present the role and significance of a Business Continuity Plan in the holistic work on of a companys Risk Management, and to characterize the contents of an exemplary Plan.The first chapter contains a general introduction into Risk Management and includes, inter alia, a description of multiple threats which are relevant to the companys activity and a list of pretend measurement methods. The second chapter discusses the concept of Business Continuity Management, explains the importance of Business Continuity Plan and characterizes the steps which lead to the development and implementation of this document. In the third chapter, there is a description of the contents which should be included in a Business Continuity Plan.That presentation is based on the authors analysis of various BCPs and their templates. The exemplary materials enclosed in appendices corroborate been provided by Punk, Ziegel & Company, Business Link, London Borough and Wallsal Council. All the translations which are enclosed in th e present thesis lose been made by the author. The references defy been edited in accordance with the traditional Footnote/Endnote System. 8 CHAPTER 1 RISK MANAGEMENT This chapter contains an introduction into the nature and types of assay, as well as a description of the methods by which stake is assessed and managed.All these issues are inseparably connected with the concept of Business Continuity Plan, which aims at fashioning provisions for the whole spectrum of present and future threats that may put a companys good activity into danger. When a company decides to prepare and implement such a conception, it has to carry out a mazy and blameless analysis of all the factors which may influence its operation, so that pull down the least expected dangers are taken into consideration. The first phase of drafting a BCP requires the recognition of existing and prospective adventures, evaluation of their accomplishable blows and self-assertion of tripicular attitudes t owards them.These vital steps are covered by Risk Management, which helps to organize the findings and solutions in a logical expressive style. The proactive nature and principles of this comprehensive surgical operation will be presented and explained in the side by side(p) chapter. 1. 1. The rendering of Risk Risk and incertitude are inseparable parts of e truly aspect of life. As Jan Mikolaj writes, assay is connected with table serviceman activity, era doubtfulness applies to the environment. 1 When these terms are used in the scientific context, they must(prenominal) be precisely define.Some of the authors of frugal and fiscal literature do not stress the exit between them. For example, Allan Willet res publicas that risk is fair game uncertainty of the event of an undesirable casing. 2 In his opinion, risk flip-flops in accordance with uncertainty, not with probability level. 3 Similarly, Joseph Sinkey defines risk as uncertainty connected with any(prenomin al) occurrence or profit 1 2 Jan Mikolaj, Risk Management, (RVS FSI ZU, Zilina 2001), p. 17. Allan Willet, The Economic Theory of Risk Insurance, (Philadelphia 1951), p. . 9 in the future. 4 discourteous Reilly remembers that risk is the uncertainty that the investment may not bring the expected return. 5 However, the prevailing trend in modern passkey literature is to differentiate between them. gibe to the Dictionary of Economic and Financial Terminology by Bernard and Colli, risk is the probability of incurring injuryes by a crinkle unit as a sequel of making a certain economic decision by this unit. The probability results from the uncertainty of the future. 6 The same source states further that the concept of uncertainty is used in the accompaniment when calculus of probability cannot be applied, whereas the term risk concerns recurrent take downts which accident of occurrence can be calculated using the calculus of hazard. 7 Similar classification is introduced by Frank Knight. In his opinion, risk is a measured uncertainty,8 while immeasurable uncertainty9 is uncertainty sense stricto. According to Irving Pfeffer, risk is the combination of hazard and is measurable by probability mathematics, whereas uncertainty is measured by the level of confidence.Risk is a state of the world while uncertainty is a state of mind. 10 To summarize, risk means a condition in which there exists a possibility of going away from an outcome that is expected or hoped for. 11 Risk can be expressed as a probability, ranging from 0 to 100 percent. 12 What is important, although not often mentioned in professional literature, there is not completely(prenominal)(prenominal) the negative aspect of risk, but also the positive one. Thus, it is a possibility of loss as well as gain. 3 4 ib.mm Joseph Sinkey, Commercial Bank Financial Management, (New York Macmillan Publishing Co. 1992), p. 391. 5 Frank Reilly, Investments, The Dryden Press, (London Intenational Ed ition, Collins, 1988), p. 463 6 Bernard and Colli, Slownik ekonomiczny i finansowy, (Wydawnictwo KsiaSnica, 1995), p. 156. 7 ibidemm , p. 157. 8 Frank Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, (Boston University of Boston Press, 1921), p. 233. 9 ibid. 10 Irving Pfeffer, Insurance and Economic Theory, (Illinois Irvin Inc. Homewood, 1956), p. 42. 11 Reto Gallati, Risk Management and not bad(p) Adequacy, (New York Mc Graw Hill, 2003), p. 7. 12 ibid. , p. 8. 10 1. 2. Risk in Business ActivityThe volume and diversity of risk obviously depend on a companys type and branch of economy, but risk as such is a phenomenon which accompanies in its versatile attains any kind and field of business activity. It may come from the external environment of a company as well as from the internal one. For some entrepreneurs, risk is a obligatory evil, whereas for others it is an additional motivation, if not the main one. Whatever the point of view is, if a given business activity is to succeed, it is e ssential to recognize what are the kinds of practical risk, asses their possible impact and acknowledge ways of reacting towards them.such(prenominal) identification will considerably help in developing a suitable attitude, which allows minimizing a electromotive force loss and increase a gain. 1. 2. 1. Types of Risk Types of risk which threaten a companys activity are complex and numerous. Classifications of risk provided by professional literature differ with regard to the assumed criteria. The following comprehensive miscellany is based mainly on the division presented in the book Risk Management in acclivitous Markets.How to Survive and Prosper by Carl Olsson13 business risk (also called strategic risk) concerns potential results of inappropriate strategies, inadequate apportioning of resources and swops in economic or competitive environment commercialise risk is associated with potential results of changes in market prices. It can be divided into interest rate risk , foreign exchange risk, commodity price risk, Carl Olsson, Risk Management in Emerging Markets. How to Survive and Prosper, (London, Pearson Education United, 2002), pp. 35-36. 13 11 sells price risk acknowledgment risk means that a debtor may not pay in due date industry risk regards operating in a finicky industry liquidity risk applies to unfitness to pay debts because of the lack of available funds usable risk means potential results of actions by people, processes, and al-Qaeda accounting risk concerns a possibility of pecuniary accounts not being in accordance with the realness reputation risk regards the results of changes in a companys reputation country risk is associated with set up which the mother ountrys and foreign countries economic policies may have over the company sovereign risk applies to lending money to the government or a party guaranteed by the government political risk means results of changes in political environment legal/ regulativ e risk is associated with the consequences of non-compliance with legal or regulatory fates environmental/ecological risk applies to the changes in natural environment which affect a company systemic risk concerns small events which may produce much whoppings results than expected technological risk is associated with the consequences of bringing tonic technology products to the market and introducing new IT systems natural risk concerns natural and space disasters. All these risks usually come on simultaneously and their effects are synergic. Therefore, none of them should be ignored when considering the companys situation. After realizing the prodigious number and complex nature of different types of risk involved in all aspects of business activity, a logical step is to try to estimate their potential impact and results. 12 1. 2. 2. Methods of Risk Evaluation An sound judgement of a particular risk, some(prenominal) internally- and externally-driven, allows taking an appro priate attitude towards it.As Andrzej Stanislaw Barczak writes, such a measurement involves both melodic themeive and objective elements. 14 The subjective component consists in assuming a priori particular stipulations of a given evaluation tactic, as well as interpreting obtained results in a specialised way. The objective constituent derives from the unwashed agreement of the business circle on the methods widely applied to the assessment of risk. deuce main types of risk measurement tactics are quantitative risk assessment and qualitative risk assessment. 1. 2. 2. 1. Quantitative Risk Assessment The main conception of quantitative risk assessment is to determine the salute of a given unwelcome occurrence, i. e. o calculate how big the loss would be if an ominous event happened. As it is pointed out in The Security Risk Management Guide, it is important to quantify the real possibility of a risk and how much damage, in monetary terms, the threat may cause in come out to be able to know how much can be spent to protect against the potential consequence of the threat. 15 This method involves evaluation of pluss (determining the overall value of a companys assets, the immediate pecuniary impact of losing the asset and the indirect value of losing the asset) measurement of the Single Loss look toion (SLE), which means the organic amount of revenue that is lost from a single occurrence of the risk. 16 It is calculated by multiplying the asset value by the exposure factor (EF). The 14 Andrzej Stanislaw Barczak, Ryzyko kategoria obiektywna czy subiektywna? , (Poznan WSB, 2000), s. 30. 15 Microsoft, The Security Risk Management Guide, (Microsoft Corporation, 2004), p. 19. 16 ibid. , p. 18. 13 exposure factor represents the percentage of loss that a cognize threat could have on a certain asset. 17 assessment of the Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO), which is the number of propagation that one can reasonably expect the risk to occur during one year. 18 This step is truly difficult it bases on historic information and previous experiences, and requires consultation with experts. calculation of the Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE), which stands for the good amount of money that an arrangement will lose in one year if vigour is done to excuse the risk. 19 This figure is established by multiplying the SLE and the ARO. valuation of the Cost of Controls (ROSI), i. e. establishing stainless estimates on how much acquiring, testing, deploying, operating, and maintaining each control would cash advance. 20 It is estimated by using the following equation (ALE forward control) (ALE after control) (annual cost of control) = ROSI Although quantitative risk analysis provides surpassly defined goals and results, all of the involved calculations are based on subjective estimates, which may prove inaccurate. Moreover, the whole process can be bulky and costly. 1. 2. 2. 2. Qualitative Risk AssessmentIn opposition to the quantitative me thod, qualitative risk assessment does not assign backbreaking financial values to assets, expected losses, and cost of controls21 but instead, 17 18 ibid. , p. 19. ibid. , p. 19. 19 ibid. , p. 19. 20 ibid. , p. 19. 21 ibid. , p. 20. 14 calculates congress values. 22 It involves dispersal of questionnaires among people in the company who have relevant achievements and knowledge, and workshops. The questionnaires are knowing to discover what assets and controls are already deployed, and the entropy gathered can be truly helpful during the workshops that follow. In the workshops participants nightspot assets and estimate their relative values.Next they try to figure out what threats each asset may be facing, and then they try to create mentally what types of vulnerabilities those threats might exploit in the future. The information security experts and the system administrators typically come up with controls to mitigate the risks for the group to consider and the approximat e cost of each control. Finally, the results are presented to heed for consideration during a cost- wellbeing analysis. 23 This tactic does not require a lot of season and it is not a big outcome for the people involved. What is more, the results of the implemented solutions are riotously visible. However, the estimated figures are often perceived as too vague.These two presented approaches are often used to protrudeher in auberge to obtain the most comprehensive information about a potential threat. Although scientific methods of risk assessment are helpful in estimating the possible impact which particular occurrences may have on the companys activity, it is essential to remember that none of the methods can be perceived as 100% trustworthy and absolutely infallible. However, even if it is impossible to predict all threats and provide for all undesirable events, the significance of risk evaluation tactics combined with human knowledge, experience, imagination and intuition ca nnot be questioned. 1. 3. Risk Management in Business ActivityThe fact that the phenomenon called risk is measurable and its occurrence may be predicted means that it is also possible to take preventive measures and proactive attitude towards it. As Reto Gallati stresses, the term Risk Management is a recent creation, but the actual practice of risk attention is as old as civilization itself. 24 In every(prenominal)day life, people casing risk in a varying stop all the time and they manage it in a natural way so as to minimize un in demand(p) impact and render possible profits. 22 23 ibid. , p. 20. ibid. , p. 20. 15 Certain individuals even enjoy plunging into extraordinarily sober situations in order to check how they will cope in difficult moments.However, Andrew Holmes notices that at the individual level, if a someone takes a risk and fails to manage it properly, the damage is limited to him, and maybe his near relatives,25 while the commission of risk for governments is not as simple. 26 As it was presented in the part 1. 2. 1, the company is a subject to various and multiple threats. Holmes stresses that ultimately, all risks have a financial impact. 27 The complexity of the required actions aimed at coping with the risk means that within the modern corporation, risk management must encapsulate managing strategic, business, operational, and expert risks, rather than those associated with pure finance such as credit, interest rate, and currency risk. 28 Nowadays, Risk Management is not an extra feature added to a companys basic activity, but an essential skill of all modern corporations. 29 All usiness units should realize its great importance, because it is essential not only for their winner but simply survival. According to Holmes, a companys attitude towards the risk depends on its risk sophistication, which can be divided into five stages30 at the lowest level of sophistication (reactive stance), risks are dealt with only when they turn int o live issues or when crisis strikes. There is no effort to recognize and measure possible risks in advance. At a slightly more sophisticated stage, a company understands the importance of risk management and takes the trouble to identify and manage threats more actively. It tends to redek out the best practice and views adverse events in a wide context. At the next level, there are arrangings which acknowledge the need to manage risks throughout the organization and usually develop some form of 24 25 Reto Gallati, Risk Management and Capital Adequacy, (New York McGraw Hill, 2003), p 11. Andrew Holmes, Risk Management (Oxford Capstone Publishing, 2002), p. 2. 26 ibid. 27 ibid. 28 ibid. 29 ibid. 30 ibid. , p. 8. 16 risk management model to ensure soundbox of approach. At the following stage, a company understands the link between risk and reward. It is aware that for every risk there is an associated opportunity which can be exploited. Such a business unit is often a market lea der and is willing to take risks to achieve its strategic objectives. At the ultimate level of risk sophistication, there are organizations which integrate risk management with the goal of enhancing shareholder value. Thus, they shift the responsibility for risk management away from the traditional areas of audit and compliance to everyone within the organization. Of course, the active process of Risk Management requires commitment and focus as it means following a deliberate set of actions which are designed to identify, quantify, manage and then monitor the events or actions that could lead to financial loss. Often, there is too little info about a given risk, and therefore, this kind of management may involve a large degree of judgment and assumptions concerning the future. 1 Yet, all the effort is worthwhile as advantageful organizations tend to be excellent risk managers, not only because they understand the risks they face, but also because of how they manage them. Converse ly, those organizations that are poor at risk management spend no time scanning the risk horizon, instead leaving their futures to fate. This always means shocks, falling market share, takeovers and missed opportunities. 32 As Holmes reflects, risk management is both an art and a science, and being successful depends on how well the two are kept in balance. 33 1. 3. 1. Methods of Risk Management John Holliwell, the managing director of Smith Williamson Consultancy, once said, There is nothing wrong with risk.It is the lifeblood of business and the test of entrepreneurs and managers. What matters is how you handle risk and the culture in 31 32 ibid. ibid. 17 which you operate. 34 A similar thought is expressed by Clifford Tijok, Entrepreneurial behaviour demonstrated in real life entails, i. a. , the ability to enter into calculated risk, so that return-driven opportunities can be pursued and the ability to identify the relevant risks associated with these opportunities and the deci sion on appropriate behaviour to address these risks. 35 When a company decides on its risk management techniques, it usually analyses the following features Table 1. Factors influencing the type of risk management framework required by the organization36ors the type of risk managementframework required by an organizatio FACTORS INFLUENCING RISK MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT DIMENSIONS TO cypher Strategy risk appetite of owners/risk managers industry geographical coverage aggressive or unprogressive risk taking or risk averse sunrise or sunset industry primary, manufacturing, service sector local, national, regional or global is the company tinyly dependent on critical success factors one or two factors which require close management? volatility is the environment likely to change significantly or unpredictability? monopoly, few or limited number of osition in industry players, or free market with many players and no barriers to entry is the area of operations highly controlled by regul atory environment legislation and/or regulatory bodies? are regulators intrusive or hands off? 33 34 ibid. ibid. , p. 2. 35 Clifford Tijok, Risk Management in Finance, (Lehrverangstaltung, 2005), p. 8. 36 Carl Olsson, Risk Management in Emerging Markets pp. 110-111. 18 is deregulation occurring or the level of regulation increasing? management name centralized or decentralized adequate or inadequate people and resources technology resources, financial position adequate funds available, highly or lowly geared. tatus/ownership Organizational culture Public or privately owned Is the culture strong or weak? are they simple and predictable or nature of risks faced complex/ unpredictable? is the sizing of risks manageable or is catastrophic risk a cause for concern? Such an analysis leads to adopting one of the main risk management techniques, as presented by Cliff Tijok37 risk limitation a company establishes its range of tolerance towards a given risk and constantly monitors wheth er the limits are not breached risk fend offance a company chooses the least risky survival or none of them risk transfer a company reduces or completely transfers specific risks by hedging against a risk (i. e. , obtaining amends) or diversification.Whatever the approach is, managing risks takes a degree of courage and requires the organization to take responsibility for its actions. 38 It is a continuous process, which is based on a distinct philosophy and follows a well-defined sequence of steps. 39 After the application of the methods and rules provided by risk management, the obtained info are form in a clear and logical way. This is the basis which allows the company to go one level up and prepare action schedules that will be used in case a recognized danger occurs. An essential part of such planning is encompassed by Business Continuity Management and will be discussed in the next chapter. 37 38 Cliff Tijok, Risk Management pp. 12-13. Andrew Holmes, Risk Management p. 2. 39 Reto Gallati, Risk Management p. 11. 19 CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT This chapter provides information on what is Business Continuity Management, when it appeared in the history of management, what purposes it serves and how it should be organized and introduced into a companys activity. Moreover, it contains a description of the steps which lead to the preparation of a Business Continuity Plan and of the implementation process that follows. Business Continuity Management forms an integral part of Risk Management. It met with particularly deep interest in the nineties as the result of the frenzy which concerned the year 2000.At that time, there were many anticipated business tenaciousness problems, implicated by the date change in data processor systems. Business Continuity Management became even a bigger focus of attention in 2001, after the terrorist attack in New York. As Michael Gallagher observes, that huge calamity increased awareness of business interru ption issues, resulted in a better intelligence of critical processes and vulnerabilities and improved co-operation and collaboration between public and private sectors on emergency management questions. 40 Lyndon Bird adds that business today has far more economic interdependency between regions than ever before. There are often global consequences when risk becomes reality. 41 Yet, at the same time there is a growing awareness of what business persistency really is about and why it is so important to both businesses and individuals. 42 8 2. 1. The Concept of Business Continuity Management Business Continuity Management (also called BCM) is defined by the Business Continuity Institute as a holistic management process which identifies potential Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management, (Edinburgh Pearson Education Limited, 2003), p. 7 41 Lyndon Byrd, Business Continuity Management in a shrinking world, Business Continuity & Risk Management (a supplement distributed in The Times), July 26 2006, p. 2 40 20 mpacts that threaten an organization and provides a framework for building resilience and the capability for an effective reply that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value creating activities. Its main purpose is to enable the companys regular functioning, even though everyday operations are disrupted. As Lorraine Lane observes, organizations must be capable of withstanding the shocks that can so easily distract management from their primary purpose of meeting and beating their normal operational goals. 43 BCM appears as the solution that is exactly needed to guarantee such stability to the business. Obviously, BCM looks different in various companies as each organization is a unique system of multiple factors and interdependencies.Dr David Smith explains that because of its across-the-board nature, the way BCM is carried out will inevitably be dependent upon, and must reflect, the nature, scale and complexit y of an organizations risk profile, risk appetite and the environment in which it operates. 44 Gallagher supports this view by stating that the plan must fit comfortably with the culture and management style of the organization. For example, the type of plan that suits a financial institution would be totally inappropriate in a radio or television transmit organization. 45 It is also very important to acknowledge that the companys BCM must be always revised and tested, in order to stay valid and fulfill its tasks. As Dr Smith emphasizes, BCM is, by necessity, a dynamic, proactive and ongoing process. It must be kept up-to-date and fit-for-purpose to be effective. 46 Maintaining the validity of proper plans and policies is actually more difficult than establishing them, but this is what constitutes the point of developing BCM by a business. On the following page, there is an approximate structure of steps involved in Business Continuity Management, which is focused on planning. 42 43 ibid. Corporate resilience the new regime, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 11 44 David Smith, Business continuity and crisis management, Management Quarterly, July 2003, p. 27 45 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 43 46 ibid. 21 Scheme 2. 1. Procedures involved in Business Continuity Management47 INPUTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. scope definition desired objectives policies and standards inventory information, technology, people management commitment financeANALYSIS ASSET ASSESSMENT BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS technological REQUIREMENTS 1. analyze BIA and Asset Assessment 2. list technical strategies based on the analysis of each asset and business process in scope 3. document drawbacks and advantages of each listed strategy 1. identify and quantify asset needs 2. document ownership 3. assign weight based on importance 4. assess exposure 5. identify access control and other preventive measures 1. rate processes based on criticality 2. identify dependencies 3. identify custodian 4. identify threats and consequences 5. identify safeguards needed/possible 6. list critical resource requirement 7. quantify acceptable owntime and and losses DEVELOPMENT 1. 2. 3. define continuity goals and chosen strategy in the form of a plan acquire resources needed for preparing and implementing the continuity plan test the plan RESULTS 1. 2. 3. 4. preventive control Business Continuity Plan continuity team training plan for team 47 Padmavathy Ramesh, Business Continuity Planning, (Tata Consultancy serve, 2002), p. 28 22 2. 1. 1 The Evolution of BCM As Halls observes, Business Continuity Management is a relatively modern idea. Its first mentions can be found in the 1980s, although it was only in the very late 1990s that it became a more widespread as a business discipline. 48 In fact, Business Continuity Management is the outcome of a process that started in the early 1970s as computer Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) and then moved through an era where t he emphasis was on business continuity planning rather than on management. 49 In that time, computer managers were responsible for DRP. Soon, they realized that the concentration of systems and data in itself created new risks computer operations management introduced formal procedures governing issues such as backup and convalescence, access restrictions, physical security, resilience measures such as alternative power supply, and change control. 50 In 1970s, if a big problem appeared, the tolerated downtime was not measured in hours, but days. Therefore, the cost of back-up computers sitting idle in an alternative location waiting for a disaster to happen was prohibitive. However, for some companies, data safety was a priority no matter at what cost it would be obtained. As Gallagher points out, organizations such as banks were in a more vulnerable position and invested considerable resources in instal and testing computers at alternative sites. Back-up tapes or disks were incre asingly stored at protected locations well away from the computer centre. 51 Later, in the 1980s, commercial convalescence sites offering services started to appear, often on a shared basis. This was the start of the sophisticated recovery centers that operate today,52 notes Gallagher. However, they all concerned mainly IT The disaster recovery plans documented the actions required to safeguard and restore computer operations.These covered computer processing, computer applications, telecommunications services and data after a disruptive event. The objectives were to 48 49 Michael Halls, What is Business Continuity Management? Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 6 50 ibid. 51 ibid. 52 ibid. 23 prevent or at least minimize the impact that such an event would have on the business. 53 Such plans were far from being perfect as they were more concerned with, for example, restoring a companys financial systems to an operational state than with worrying about whether there would be accommodation available to allow the module of the finance department actually to use the systems. 54 Not much attention was paid to implementing BCL into every aspect of the companys activity. In 1990s, a significant change in the IT environment took place and the movement from DRP to Business Continuity Planning became considerably immediateer. Gallagher confirms that throughout this decade, and into the 2000s, there were significant changes in the IT approach to DRP/BCP and in what constituted acceptable downtime. The emphasis moved from being mainly on IT to an approach that considered all aspects of an organizations business and relationships. 55 It is only then that BCP has become BCM with the emphasis on management not just planning.This encompasses the emphasis on risk management and the measures to be taken to reduce risk. BCM is no longer regarded as a project it is now a program, emphasizing that it is a continuous process rather than a task with a defi ned enddate. 56 The next step is to make managers of all companies aware of the importance of BCM as the increased recognition of BCM means that a greater budget allocation may be available to it. More significantly, the heart and soul preached by business continuity practitioners for years that business continuity principles should be an integrated part of the business planning process may be heard. 57 2. 1. 2 The Significance of BCM give thanks to proper Business Continuity Management, a company has a professional plan which allows acting as quickly and efficiently as possible in case a dangerous 53 54 ibid. ibid. 55 ibid. 56 ibid. 57 ibid. 24 event happens, because BCM not only aims to provide continuity in customer service at a minimum acceptable level, it also aims to limit the impact on the financial position of an organization by ensuring that its critical functions continue to operate during a crisis and that the remainder are recovered in a controlled manner. 58 Therefore , when a BCP is applied, there are no chaotic, haphazard attempts to minimize the losses as clear and logical procedures have been devised earlier and communicated to the provide.As Mel Gosling notices, decisions made in the first few hours of an event that causes serious intermission to an organizations operations are critical, and actions compressn in the first few days will have a significant financial impact59 and a company that has an effective and well-tested Business Continuity Plan is more likely to take the right decisions in the first few hours and to subsequently undertake the best actions to limit the impact on its financial position. It has a better chance of incurring significantly less additional expenditure at the time of a disruption. 60 Moreover, one of the benefits that implementing business continuity management brings to a firm, which is not immediately apparent, is an understanding of what the business does and what is important to it. 61 In this way, a com pany can analyze its allocation of resources and improve it, as well as find out what is critical and of value, and what can be outsourced or left undone. 62 Besides, certain companies, e. g. , financial institutions, are licitly obliged to develop BCM and maintain an effective business continuity plan.It is also becoming increasingly familiar that businesses require from their suppliers to be presented with their BCM plans. This facilitates the process of assessing the suppliers infallibility and constitutes an element of developing a sound business relationship. Mel Gosling, Why invest in business continuity, 1 February 2007, . 59 ibid. 60 ibid. 61 ibid. 62 ibid. 62 ibid. 58 25 The investment into Business Continuity Management is beneficial not only in the matter of a business being prepared for multiple diverse crises. It also adds significantly to the companys reputation and brand image by demonstrating effective and efficient governance to the media, markets and stakeholders. 63 Moreover, it enhances the competitive advantage of the business, because to some investors and customers it may be a vital factor in deciding to which company they should entrust their capital. Osborne explains it as follows, To a firms shareholders its part of investor relations you are showing your commitment to keeping their investment safe. To a firms staff it is labour relations you are showing your willingness to protect the livelihood of your staff. 64 Furthermore, he stresses that its customer relations too youre demonstrating your commitment to providing a service for them even in the most extreme of circumstances. 65 remainder but not least, devising professional plans and keeping them updated increases the companys credibility in the eyes of nsurers and auditors because they are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of BCM. As Osborne observes, Five years ago, auditors simply would have said to their clients, do you have a plan in place? A couple of years ago, they would have wanted to inspect it, to see if every contingency was covered and how practical it appeared to be. Nowadays, they will ask how it worked in practice. When it was last tested and what were the results? 66 What is more, insurers like to see evidence that all reasonable steps have been taken to understand the past accident unload and that actions have been put in place to prevent them from happening again. 67 This is confirmed by Gosling, who states that redress companies themselves are now starting to realize the opportunities that business continuity provides for loss reduction, and it is becoming increasingly common for a condition of insurance cover to be the existence of a business 63 64 David Smith, Business continuity and crisis management, p. 27 need the panel of business continuity experts, 65 ibid. 66 ibid. 67 Pro-active Risk Management Avoiding catastrophe. Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 14 26 continuity plan. 68 All in all, devising an d implementing an effective BCM plans brings versatile advantages to a company, while the failure to do so means taking an unnecessary risk with an organizations future and profitability. 69 2. 1. 4 Continuity Culture in a Company A vital step in forming Business Continuity Management in a company is to instill a proper attitude in the staff.Michael Gallagher believes that it is about creating a continuity culture in the organization. This can be at least as important as producing the actual plans. 70 He also states that for BCM to work, it must be driven from the top. 71 Therefore, senior managers must understand that BCM is not just another expense but also a significant resource, 72 as Mike Osborne assures. However, the amount of data that has to be taken into consideration while developing preventive measures is overwhelming. Lane points out that while responsibility for corporate resilience sits firmly with the executive director board, the skills and experience required to co mbat the growing list of disruptive threats exists throughout the organization. 73 Thus, in large companies, it is a wise move to appoint a full-time Business Continuity Manager, whose tasks are to lay in the relevant knowledge from all departments and co-ordinate proper procedures, as well as devise professional plans and keep them updated. polisheder businesses may use the services offered by consulting companies. The staffs awareness of specific procedures ready to be applied in case of any foreseeable disaster enhances their efficiency and identification with the company. Instructing them of the specific plans encourages them to pay bigger attention to the safety issues, which significantly contributes to the BCM process. 68 69Mel Gosling, Why invest in business continuity, ibid. 70 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. XI 71 ibid. 72 Ask the panel of business continuity experts, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 12 73 David Smith, Business continuit y and crisis management p. 27 27 Gallagher explains that if the business continuity culture is sufficiently developed, the continuity considerations will be a natural part of the development of the plans. 74 2. 2 BCM and the Companys Size For the expressed majority of large corporations, BCM is a regular part of their activity but, as Gallagher states, there is a timber that it is not a matter of concern to the smaller business. 75 This happens because a lot of the emphasis in the business continuity press, and in business continuity material generally, relates to large organizations and to the financial services industry. 76 While for the largest corporations and those with enormous sums of money at stake, the complexity of planning is breathtaking,77 small and medium-sized enterprises tend to get ignored when talking about business continuity planning. The planning is more prosaic. The challenges are fewer. And most importantly, their budgets are smaller. 78 Another problem is the fact that smaller companies are typically less aware of the typeset procedures than big firms where systems have been developed. 79 The managers of small and medium-sized businesses simply tend to think that their companys size is a kind of safeguard against a disaster, or that potential recovery will be quick and simple, so the process of developing a plan is perceived as too complicated, involving excessive be and management time. 80 However, Mike Osborne emphasizes that the issue for small to medium sized businesses is that they often do not have the inherent resilience that say, a UK multinational has. 81 He warns the managers against an illusive safety printing as smaller firms often trade from a single location and do not benefit from vast armies of support staff and Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 88 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 28 76 ibid. 7 Michael Halls, What is Business Continuity Management? Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 3 78 Michael Halls, Small is still beautiful (but riskier too), Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 10 79 ibid. 80 Its never too late to plan for the future, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 15 75 74 28 specialists who can react to and recover from an incident. If they are hit by a disaster, the impact is greater then it would be the case in a larger organization. 82 This view is support by Gallagher, who states, Small businesses should remember that their biggest threats do not come from high profile incidents such as earthquakes or terrorist bombs.It is the dozens of relatively minor issues such as prolonged power outages or computer network failures that may cause the problems. The vast majority of problems are caused by people or process failures. 83 He points out that this is where the effort and investment should be concentrated. Because of size, the process is simpler and the cost will be proportionally less than for larger organizations. The consequences of not having a plan are, however, likely to be disastrous. 84 Therefore, as Michael Halls stresses, Business Continuity Management is a must for companies of all sizes. A small firm that loses its data will go out of business just as surely as a larger one. 85 2. 3 BCM in Relation to InsuranceSome managers wonder why they should engage themselves into Business Continuity Management while their company is insured. To them, devising a BCM plan seems to be an unnecessary waste of time and money, because they think that risks are looked after by the insurers and thus, there is no need to worry. But these are absolutely stupid conclusions. As Mark Baylis emphasizes, insuring the risk is not the answer, because it is better for the business that the problem does not happen at all. 86 This view is supported by Gallagher, who states that insurance is simply a necessary part of the total business protection and recovery plan but it is only a part. 87 Although it is true that insurance provides financial aid in case a disaster strikes, the money may 81 82 ibid. ibid. 83 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 28 84 ibid. 85 Michael Halls, Small is still beautiful (but riskier too), 86 Mark Baylis, Weak links in the supply chain, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 11 87 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 33 29 arrive after sooner a long period. Moreover, insurance for loss of profits, or for increased cost of working, will cover only a defined period which in practice may prove to be inadequate. 88 Besides, proving loss of profits can be very difficult.The outcome may be based on historical performance and may not take account of recent market developments. 89 It is also very important to notice that insurance will not keep customers supplied or guarantee that market share will be recovered,90 nor will it protect the organizations reputation and image. 91 Last but not least, as it was mentioned in the pre vious paragraph, there may be a situation when the insurer refuses to provide a cover unless the company devises a BCM, because nowadays businesses are required to act more actively in protecting themselves from various possible risks. Therefore, it is vital for a firm to have efficient Business Continuity Management in order to obtain insurance on approbatory terms.To sum up, managers must remember that insurance is reactive while it has its place, the whole protection process must be more proactive and BCM is the key. 92 2. 4 Business Impact Analysis Business Impact Analysis (also known as BIA) is the most important tool of Business Continuity Management. Gallagher defines it as a management-level analysis that identifies the impacts of losing company resources. It measures the effect of resource loss and escalating losses over time in order to provide senior management with reliable data upon which to base decisions on risk mitigation and continuity planning. 93 The BIA process identifies and ranks the business processes, 88 89 ibid. , p. 34 ibid. 90 ibid. 91 ibid. 92 ibid. 93 ibid. , p. 146 30 criticalities and dependencies. 94 It is closely colligate to risk analysis, which was discussed in the previous chapter, therefore, it may base on the materials that have already been gathered during the general Risk Management process in the company. The method by which BIA is carried out depends on the nature of the organization size, structure, local or international, etc. 95 Generally, in order to maximize the efficiency of a BIA processes, regulate questionnaires should be used. They should contain questions which are formed in such a way as to provide information that concerns the following issues the nature of given problems the impact of the problems, which should be presented from different perspectives, e. g. the companys reputation, cost involved, loss of future business, etc. the influence that may be caused by the problems at different times of the day, week, month and year the kind of resilience that may be currently provided in a quick and easy way the recovery from the addressed problems (time needed for recovery, priorities for resumption, duration of backlog, additional costs, insurance cover) the available workarounds and the way they operate the continuity and recovery requirements, e. g. , accommodation, computer systems, etc. 96 After the questionnaires have been filled in, the Business Continuity Manager prepares a comprehensive constitution which presents the companys Business Impact Analysis. The report is composed of the following parts 1. Introduction 2. Executive Summary 3. Background to Study 94 95 ibd. , p. 47 ibid. 96 cf. Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 57 31 4. Current show Assessment 5. Threats and Vulnerabilities 6. Critical Business Functions/Operations 7. Business Impacts Operational and Financial 8. Potential Strategies 9. Recommendations 10. Conclusion 11.Appendices97 Thanks to the logical and substantial structure, the report fully represents the current standing of the company, clearly indicates its weak points and realistically describes possible procedures. Business Continuity Management is an extremely important process, which not only enables the assumption of proper attitudes towards multiple threats that endanger a firms functioning, but it also significantly deepens the understanding of the business and improves the staffs morale. Proper implementation of BCM in a company leads to the creation of a Business Continuity Plan, which will be discussed in detail in the following chapter. 32 CHAPTER 3BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN In the previous chapters, the importance of Business Continuity Management was explained and it was stated that devising a Business Continuity Plan is one of the main tasks of this type of management. This chapter provides information on how to construct, implement and test a Business Continuity Plan. Moreover, it contain s a description of the most frequent mistakes that appear while drafting a BCP and advises how to avoid them. The exemplary plans and templates on which the analysis is based are attached as Appendices B, C, D, E and F at the end of the present thesis. 3. 1 The Structure of an Exemplary Business Continuity PlanBusiness Continuity Plans vary in length and are divided into different parts, which mostly depends on the size and type of a company. However, certain sections are vital and thus common for all the plans. They should be organized in such a way as to enable quick access to the required information. These crucial parts will be successively discussed herein. 3. 1. 1 Front Page and Introduction On the front page of a Business Continuity Plan, there should be written the name of the company, the issue date and a distinct earn stating BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN. Moreover, if the Plan is confidential, it should be indicated on the front page as well. Optional elements inserted here m ay include sense of touch details for feedback, references, the revision date, etc.These components are followed by an introduction, which consists of a distribution list (copy number, name and location) and a table of contents. 97 cf. Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 57 33 3. 1. 2 Aim This section should contain the description of the purpose for which the Plan has been created. It usually gives examples of possible disasters and explains the objectives which the plan is think to meet in case of a calamity. What is more, a company which wishes to convey an especially powerful message concerning its reliability may include in this part a summary of the extensive works and professional researches which have been involved in the development of the Plan. 3. 1. 3 Critical Functions ChecklistCritical Functions are these activities without which the company would not be able to perform. In order to prepare a Critical Functions Checklist, the following steps should be stainless the identification of Critical Functions, e. g. , sales and distribution the description of the Functions in terms of the impact which may be caused by their interruption in the first 24 h, 48 h, one week and two weeks the prioritization of the Functions the ascription of a reasonable timeframe within which the recovery is possible the determination of resources which will be necessary in the recovery process, such as a) the staff the required number of people, their knowledge and skills b) alternative location e. g. the staff working at home or provisional premises together with necessary equipment like computers, cars c) data information and documents, e. g. , insurance certificate, service, customers and suppliers details d) communications all ways in which customers, suppliers, the staff and media can be contacted in case of disaster. 34 Such a Checklist allows ensuring that critical tasks are completed on time and according to a pre-agreed priority schedu le. It may also be used to provide a handover document between different shifts in the recovery process. 98 3. 1. 4 Risk Analysis Table This part should contain a table comprising a list of dangers which may interrupt and threaten the activity of the company.The ground substance presented below may be used to ascribe values to the particular risks with regard to the likelihood of their occurrence and their potential impact. Table 3. 1. 4 Risk Matrix LIKELIHOOD NEGLIGIBLE CATASTROPHIC RARE improbable POSSIBLE PROBABLE M M M L L H H M L L VH VH H M L VH VH H M L VH VH H M L IMPACT SIGNIFICANT MODERATE MINOR INSIGNIFICANT Legend L low, M- medium, H high, VH very high Moreover, there may be also attached a list of possible losses, jeopardize people and equipment, as well as the actions which had to be taken in case a particular risk occurs. 98 Appendix D, p. 77. 35 3. 1. 4 Emergency Response Checklist Such a Checklist greatly facilitates the performance of people involved in fight ing a potential adverse event.It also acts a concise register of actions that were taken after the disaster happened. It should be later analyzed, developed and improved. It is preferable that tasks to be completed are organized in the form of a table, together with a column in which the date of termination will be written down. The actions may be listed as follows during the first 24 h a) to establish the Actions and Expenses Log, which is a more detailed and comprehensive version of the Emergency Response Checklist b) to contact emergency services c) to identify and approximately assess the damage which has been incurred by the staff, equipment, buildings, data, etc. d) to determine the critical functions which have been interrupted e) to decide on the steps that need to be taken within the recovery process, which is based on the Critical Function Checklist f) to contact the staff, customers, suppliers, insurers, relevant government and other stakeholders in order to assure them that the situation is under control g) to issue a special PR statement to the media. nonchalant within the recovery period a) to update the Actions and Expenses Log b) to provide valid information to the staff, customers, suppliers, insurers, relevant authorities and other stakeholders, as well as the media after the recovery period a) to interview the staff with celebrate to their welfare needs b) to analyze the Emergency Response Checklist and Actions and Expenses Log in order to introduce possible improvements into the Business Continuity Plan. 36As it can be seen, the response to the crisis should focus on its effects, not on the causes. The reasons of the adverse event should be identified as quickly as possible, but a comprehensive analysis of them must not be performed before the main steps of the recovery process have been taken. 3. 1. 5 Roles and Responsibilities This section should contain information and contact details regarding the people who are responsible for th e shape and content of the Business Continuity Plan (e. g. , Business Continuity Manager, the BCM Team). Moreover, there may be included a list of duties which are ascribed to the particular staff members in case an adverse event happens.Last but not least, it is necessary to indicate the names and contact details of the co-ordinators of the recovery process, help-line numbers (possibly, with pre-recorded messages) and location of meeting suite and the Business Recovery Command Centre, together with maps. 3. 1. 6 Contact List In this part, there should be listed the following contact details staff members (divided in respect to the departments) and their next of kin a) name, b) address, c) work telecommunicate number, d) home telephone number, e) mobile telephone number, f) e-mail address key suppliers a) name, b) provided goods, c) address, d) telephone/fax number, 37 e) e-mail address key customers a) name, b) service/good used, c) address, d) telephone/fax number, e) e-mail address mergency services (ambulance, fire service, flood line, hospitals, police) a) address, b) telephone number utilities (water, telecommunication, gas and electricity companies) a) name, b) telephone number, c) e-mail address insurers and banks a) name, b) address, c) telephone/fax number, d) e-mail address authorities a) name b) address c) telephone/fax number media a) name, b

The Political Arena

A boiling het international put under nowadays is the upcoming choices in the Philippines which will be conducted on May 10, 2010. The alternative itself is controversial enough because this time, there are decennary presidential candidates, but what is really different active this election is that this is the first time that they will be having the automated elections. The Senate Bill No. 2231 states that the automated election system must be used to ensure transparency, accuracy and credibility.As the elections are drawing nearer, more than(prenominal) and more intrigues are appearing. One, and perhaps the most worthy of worry, is the failure of the PCOS machines.2 Just five days before the elections, the test of the machines produced wrong results. In the mock elections, there were five votes for a true candidate, and five votes for a nonher candidate. These ten votes were all counted for different candidates.Whether the makers of the machine and the administration, head ed by the current president who has been accused of cheating in the refinement elections, are conniving for this, it remains a mystery. People are worried that there might be a failure of elections, and when this happens, the current president stays the president. It has been suggested to have a parallel counting, meaning that deflexion from the automated counting, there will also be manual counting. This proposal was rejected by the focal point on Elections.In the Philippines, there are many different assorts and religions. Recently, they have announced their support statements. The Iglesia ni Cristo group announced that they will be supporting Senator Noynoy Aquino, the son of the late President Cory Aquino (their first woman president).3Senator Aquino do a statement saying that the Commission on Elections indeed denied their proposal because it might open more venues for frauds and protests.4The media, being the primary source for most people, definitely plays a big role in this event. They stay to publish survey results, which almost always show that there are only two presidential candidates who are in a battle for the spot. Again, these surveys only show the majority votes in a certain area, but for some reason, they have the power to manipulate the voters.Some voters will change their votes because their first choice does not show good results in the surveys posted by the media. The media also consistently gives updates on the failure of the PCOS machines. sustain April 29, 2010, there was an article saying that the Office of the President also stood behind the decision of the COMELEC, and this made the citizens extol more if there is indeed a connection between the two groups.5There have been legal actions already, as the mentioned resolutions of the Senate to the COMELEC, but all have been denied. The reason behind this is most probably the connivance of the administration, the COMELEC, and the producers of the PCOS machines. For me, this is a n important issue even though it is disaster in a different country.This shows us the dirty game of politics, and if it is happening in the Philippines, it can happen to any other country, as long as there are corrupt and power-hungry officials. If their elections push through without failure, we will get to see a new era in the Philippines, but if there is a failure of elections, who knows what can happen to their country?Choosing the next leaders of a country should not be taken lightly, and amidst the issues happening in their country, there are people restrained hoping for the best results.Works CitedSenate of the Republic of the Philippines, 13th Congress, Senate Bill No. 2231, Automated Election System, filed March 15, 2006.Noynoy Aquino. http//www.noynoy.ph/v3/index.php.Senate of the Philippines Press run May 4, 2010.COMELEC Rejects Parallel Manual Count, April 29 2010, Manila Bulletin.

Information On Positive Parenting Strategies Education Essay

Childrens Services Central hypertext transfer protocol //www.cscentral.org.au is an administration supplying professional development preparation and inclusion support for early puerility pedagogues in New South Wales. It is an enterprise funded by the Australian Government under the Inclusion and Professional jump out Program. The end of this administration is to increase the accomplishments and knowledge base of the early childhood pedagogues in order promote, and to accommodate high quality early childhood renovations for the kids. They work in partnership with other pickings administrations to supply quality preparation, resources and support for those who require. This site besides provides valu fit information on National timbre Framework, Early old ages larning Frame work, Changes in Early Childhood Education and Care, and links to forums where early childhood professionals are able to take part and lend.Both sites demonstrate trustiness, authorization, truth, objectiv eness, currency and coverage. The information on both(prenominal) sites managed by Government bureaus and early childhood professionals.The information online could be authored by and viewed by both single. affiliate sites are created holding different intent in head. The web sites are non subjected to any regulative boundaries and accordingly there is no monitoring of the contents or does non necessitate blessing to be published. Therefore, contents from any sites need to be treated with cautiousness and evaluated against its truth and credibleness. When working with Information and Communication Technologies, pedagogues need to be cognizant that there are multiple ways of presenting and pass oning information, and different accomplishments are needed for interpreting and construing informations online.A One needs to oppugn whether the contents credible? Whose sentiment is presented? A Can the information be trusted? A resource that is believable is one which shows grounds of genuineness, depend business leader and credibility URL ( An Educators remove to Credibility and Web Evaluation, 1999 ) .A possible country for betterment on both sites would be to fancy a site rating subdivision where readers can notice, propose or rate the information on the site. Such inputs would help in placing user outlooks, and to provide efficaciously for the intended audience. Both sites provide unveiling to of import and valuable information and links to a scope of sites at their finger tips.Using on-line resources to heighten leading An organisaion s workability finally depends on it reactivity to engineering and the environs within which it operates. mass of the early childhood services are runing within a community of proficiently advanced environment, and which requires the service suppliers to incorporate information and communication engineering for effectual and dynamic instruction and disposal. It is suggested that the recitation of engineering, used suitably, is able to heighten the quality of the service proviso ( Ebbeck & A Wanniganayake 2003, p.51 ) .Leadership and teaching method inclusive of charm Integration of Information and communicating engineering, in the acquisition environments, are able to affect and rent the kids and the parents in a mode which was non possible in the past. Technology connects people, enhance and expedite procedures, create tonic possibilities, expose interaction with local and planetary communities ( MCEETYA. 2005 )Children of today s coevals are born into a humans full of technological environment. They are able to voyage technological tools with easiness and confident compared old coevalss. affectionate webs such as, face book, YouTube allows them to link and pass on with the universe around them. Xbox and playing period Stationss are the drama tools of many preschool age kids. Families excessively are utilizing engineering for acquisition, diversion, direction and communicating. Technologies are cheaper, more nomadic and able to be used by scholars of all ages ( MCEETYA. 2005 ) .Within the early childhood services, Early Old ages study Framework , The National Quality Framework , constructivism stresses the importance of the relationships between the household, the context and the community. Communication enabled by the usage of ICT facilitates and heighten this relationship. It provides new chances for parents and households to prosecute with the pedagogues, larning plans and their kids s advancement Uniform resource locator Learning as a personal event .Pedagogical leading in an early childhood puting requires attending to tag end inside informations from assorted impact statements steering early childhood instruction and attention. Outcome four in the National Early Years Framework ( 2009 ) indicates that Children resource their ain acquisition through linking with people, topographic point, engineerings and inwrought and processed stuffs an d this is apparent when the services allows kids to prosecute in larning experiences to experiment with different engineerings and use information and communicating engineerings ( ICT ) to look into and job solve .Educational environments inclusive of appropriate information and communicating engineerings non merely do direction procedures easier and faster, it besides fosters, encourages and influences interactions, cognition and linguistic communication development in kids ( Presnky 2008, instruction Hot topICT 2009 ) . sec ( 2004 ) proposes a learning theory for the digital age which clearly identifies the demand for the scholars to be able to prosecute with, place, and locate information through the usage of Information and Communication Technology.Early on childhood leadership need to be critical of their patterns and maintain up to day of the month with the germinating arguments on the pros and cons of incorporating ICT in educational scenes. Siemens ( 2004 ) provinces O ur ability to larn what we need for tomorrow is more of import than what we know todaya When cognition, nevertheless, is needed, but non known, the ability to stop up into beginnings to run into the demands becomes a critical accomplishment. ..As cognition continues to turn and germinate, entree to what is needed is more of import than what the scholar presently possesses. The field of instruction has been slow to acknowledge both the impact of new acquisition tools and the environmental alterations in what it means to larn .Rodd suggest that the cyberspace within and beyond the administrations is a utile tool for larning and professional development, and accessing and sharing information. Early childhood services needs to link the people, the procedures and the technological tools every bit closely as possible in order to be effectual in a invariably altering environment. As pedagogues, it is expected that the kids are exposed to valuable acquisition environment where they are che rished, nourished and protected in so that they can boom in their development and growing.

The middle east - a hotbed of conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The middle east - a hotbed of conflict - Essay Example language from a truly global standpoint, shopping center East has proven to be a linchpin as far as having a clear cut understanding of the Arab nations is concerned. This is because the entire Arab region is linked with fearful problems left, right and center. These problems have taken place due to lack of cultural adherences, an improper infrastructure at bottom the different nations that exist inside the Middle East region, and an overall mistrust in each differents issues and undertakings. It would be appropriate to state that the Middle East has become a hotbed for conflict to tog up sooner rather than later. The same happens on a very proactive basis whenever the worlds stock prices fluctuate and whenever there argon financial issues arising in the wake of the economic aspects taking place. The Middle East has been a conflict hotbed because the people, who matter the most, i.e. the governmental top heads and the like, have paid less circumspection towards the domains of their own people. All they have focused on is to exponentially increase their respective capitals and to double their applicable investment regimes . They have not emphasized on how bad the economic domains of their countries are or how they are coping up with the other countries within the region. A lack of a coherent strategy within the entire Middle East lays the basis for serious conflict to arise, and this is a very grave anomalousness indeed.