In george orwell's Animal Farm, what is the difference between art and Essay

In george orwells Animal maturate, what is the difference between cunning and propanda - taste ExampleThe process of achieving absolute power, the art of mis instruction, and the way oppressed argon perpetually oppressed in order to enjoy political power are allegorically portrayed in Animal Farm by the skilful use of irony and satire. A close scrutiny of the lineament of art and propaganda in Animal Farm is the focus of this paper. For a totalitarian government propaganda is essential in order to entice its audience. After selecting some important facts or information, they are presented in such a persuasive personal manner that they get injected into the minds of the people with little resistance. Propaganda is also needed to counter this kind of move. For example our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. We are born, we are given just so much food as will keep the suggestion in our bodies, tells Old Major to his comrades (Ch. 1). The revolutionary spirit is thus put in the minds of the general public, by Old Major, in Manor Farm. Therefore, propaganda is an inevitable political tool in a society. The problem arises when the information is selected with a sinister motive, to achieve some selfish interest for a person or a party, or when it becomes harmful to the people, in this check for the animals War is war. The only good human being is a dead one (Ch. 1V). The stress here is on the emotional response rather than on the intellectual response. This kind of propaganda is used to further some political agenda without taking the welfare of the people into consideration. in the long run it also assumes the form of political warfare, leading to totalitarianism. Orwell has not written his novel to appease any limited party. John Rodden writes, Orwell reportedly told his friend Stephen Spender, the well-known English poet, that he had not written a book against Stalin in order to provide propaganda for capitalists (Rodden, 135). Therefore, Animal F arm is to be seen as a work of art written to condemn all forms of totalitarianism. Animal Farm, therefore, is not a political work intended to dish out that totalitarianism is bad. On the contrary, it is a literary work which only takes the evil nature of totalitarianism as its content. It enables the students to study all aspects of satire, and also enlightens them on how effective allegory is in literature. Character development is glorious in Animal Farm. Squealer, with very round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements, and a shrill voice reveals his current nature (Ch. 11). Orwell gives minute details of each and every animal, its natural instincts, without forgetting that they are the caricatures of great political personalities. Their role is to propagate to the readers the idiosyncrasies of their human originals in politics they represent, and they do it extremely well without forgetting their original tails or wings. Variety is the richness of Animal Farm, an assembly of complex and conflicting characters uniting for a purpose. They reenact the diachronic and political events superbly, which if presented as a book of history or politics would have generated repulsion and boredom. In the hands of Orwell art and propaganda converge to gift to the readers a fantastic piece of literary work. The working mannequin is presented in the novel very

Advertising S.C.O.R.E Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Advertising S.C.O.R.E - Essay ExampleBy using black and white, unutterable imagery with savage people fighting to rise a bite of the apple, 5 Seeds shows how it can translate people in a variety of different ways. The simple goal of the publicizing is to make positive(predicate) people identify with natural ingredients and the benefits to the body and mind.The ad is creative with its use of black and white and thus a transformation into colour to show how simple ingredients like the apple manage to create a better environment and a happier person. It has impact because the whole idea of Adam and Eve was that they were misled by constitution in the biblical story and told not to eat the apple, even though they wanted it very badly. By showing ancient people in dark and frightening environments and then transforming the background into a more than civil and inviting colour scheme, it shows that the natural ingredients in 5 Seeds have benefits in many different ways. The creati vity comes in not only the colour scheme, but by using age-old concepts (Adam and Eve) to give the booze a more modern view regarding health and mental well-being.Creativity is also noticeable with the crows that be to be protecting the apple as a means to preserve their own food sources. It shows that these ingredients argon even important to animals, however people are the winners in the struggle and are clearly make better for it. When the Eve character puts her very life out on the limb just to get a single bite, it tells the consumer that they should actively seek 5 Seeds because it is made from the most quality ingredients on Earth.The originality of the advertisement comes in how it transforms evil surroundings into more beautiful surroundings, giving consumers a kind of story that peaks their interest. 5 Seeds has many competitors and it would be difficult to differentiate the product from other similar products on the drink market. Therefore, in order to make the advertis ement stand out competitively, they use imagery

Detection, Control And Prevention Of Rape Term Paper

Detection, Control And Prevention Of infringement - Term Paper ExampleRape-related incidents or sexual urgeual assaults ar taking place not except in open societies but in closed societies like prisons or correctional facilities also. Kaiser & Stannow have pointed manoeuver up that more than 216,600 people were sexually abused in prisons and jails and, in the case of at least 17,100 of them, in juvenile detention. Overall, thats almost six hundred people a daytwenty-five an instant. In fact, many of the criminals believe that foray or sexual abuse is part of their prison deportment and it cannot be reverseed, even though rape in prisons was prevented by the 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act. In short, rape is a hearty evil which should be detected, controlled and prevented by implementing stiff laws against rape.Detection, control, and prevention of rapeDetection of rape crimes is in-chief(postnominal) in taking preventive measures. In some countries or cultures, victims frequently try to cutis their virulent experiences because of the fear of consequences from the society. In male-dominated societies, females have many things to lose than males, in rape cases. They may face social isolation, harassing, teasing etc. In order to avoid such things, victims quite often try to hide the rape attempts made by the males. The failure of victims in reporting their bitter experiences related to rape, encourage the offenders supercharge and they will repeat their activities again and again. There are many rape cases reported from different countries in which the offender was none other than the father himself.... l abuse is part of their prison life and it cannot be avoided, even though rape in prisons was prevented by the 2003 Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA). In short, rape is a social evil which should be detected, controlled and prevented by implementing stiff laws against rape. Detection, control and prevention of rape Detection of rape crimes is imp ortant in taking preventive measures. In some countries or cultures, victims often try to hide their bitter experiences because of the fear of consequences from the society. In male dominated societies, females have many things to expiration than males, in rape cases. They may face social isolation, harassing, teasing etc. In order to avoid such things, victims quiet often try to hide the rape attempts made by the males. The failure of victims in reporting their bitter experiences related to rape, encourage the offenders further and they will repeat their activities again and again. There are many rape cases reported from different countries in which the offender was none other than the father himself. In such cases, the victim (female children) will not disclose their experience most of the times because of their fear of their father. In one study, seventy-four percent of women who had intercourse before age fourteen and sixty percent of those who had sex before age fifteen report having had a forced sexual experience (Colb, 2004, p.2). The above statistics show the depth of the problem quiet clearly. It is an accepted fact that teenagers are vulnerable to sex related crimes than adults because of respective(a) reasons. Molesting a teenager is easy than molesting an adult because of genetic or psychological reasons. Teenage is a block during which sex hormones develop rapidly and therefore teenagers have a strong desire for sexual

Boundary Spanning Role of Human Resources Management Essay

limit Spanning Role of gracious Resources Management - Essay ExampleDespite what we have termed phantom threats, limit spanners atomic number 18 fitting to continue their settle through astute management of information that portrays their continued usefulness. This phase however cannot last forever, and boundary spanners need to discover new threats. A review of the development and evolution of HRM in the U.S. supports the proposed model. Because each of the tercet stages are reflected in the communication patterns of the boundary spanner, several propositions based on the notion of information immenseness and the nature of the language used in communicating with three critical groups (i.e., extraneous contacts, management, and subordinate staff) are generated to test the model. (Cenzo, 2003) Finally, suggestions for research are made. The political perspective of human resource management (HRM) at the organisational level has been suggested, but while empirical studies have shown this political view of organizations to be a practicable alternative (e.g., the influence of interest groups in HRM practices), there is still an inadequate understanding of how HRM departments are able to gain and maintain power and influence.Boundary spanning, with its run short of information management, has been shown as a determinant of influence in organizations, and we suggest that this is a possible answer. While many specific boundary spanning roles have been examined, much(prenominal) as sales representatives, purchasing agents, boards of directors, and legal departments, the HRM function has not been systematically analyzed from this perspective. In addition, our genuine conceptualization is incomplete and must be supplemented by what happens after the creation of boundary spanning roles. We present a conceptual framework for the boundary spanning role that considers its evolution from the initial functional rationale for the creation of such roles, to the ins titutionalization of its function, to its renewed search for functional justification in order to protect and increase its power base.Boundary spanning has been extensively studied, specifically with respect to the boundary spanners dual functions of processing environmental information for the organization and representing the unfaltering to the external environment. The boundary spanners role as information processor helps to protect the organization from information overload, as the boundary spanner filters, interprets, and channels relevant information to appropriate divisions of the firm. The boundary spanners role as external representative can involve establishing and maintaining the organizations social and political legitimacy, and its public image. Indeed, we argue later in this radical and elsewhere that the increased power, influence, and reputation of the HRM function are at least partially a function of legitimizing and image-enhancing activities.Organizations create boundary spanning roles in response to environmental contingencies which are considered to be important for the firms well-being. Mick (2005) noted that boundary spanning roles also are selected by the external environment for their contribution to the exchange of information crosswise

Comparing and Contrasting Diverse Roles Research Paper

Comparing and incompatible Diverse Roles - Research Paper ExampleThese common roles are as follows Role as a Leader A ensure film director has to execute, manage and administer the resources of a pick up (U.S. Office of violence Management, 2003). These resources are both tangible and intangible. For instance, tangible resources are finances and materials of a project. Intangible resources are tribes skills. The nature and diversity of these resources makes the role of a project manager very demanding. A project manager needs to lead the group. Projects are not completed without a competent team. In rule to get the best out of the people lasting on a project, they need to be lead and often they need to be lead from the front. That is why the project manager needs to be furnish with the right loss leadership skills. The role of a leader often requires developing, modifying and implementing project plans. Along with these qualities, a leader also has to bring in the necessa ry interpersonal skill set to effectively lead the team towards the goals. There is hardly any contrast in the roles of a project manager and the role of a leader. Every step of the management requires appropriate leadership skills. ... That is why continuous improvement and learning is requisite for a super job at project managing. Whatever skill and education the project manager has, the manager needs to pass it on to the project team members. The manager needs to show team members how to do certain things. That is where a project manager needs to be a mentor for team members. Mentoring for the project manager involves teaching team members right on the job. This type of mentoring can be relate to on the job training. Here comes the contrast the job of a project manager is to manage the project and not teach the team members new skills. If the project manager is busy teaching the team members about their job skills, project managing can suffer. This is a tough thing for the pro ject manager to balance both these aspects. Role as a Manager This is the prime role of a project manager, to manage. There is no contrast between this role and the main task of a project manager. aggroup building for a project is also the job of a project manager and especially when there are contrary types of teams. These various types of teams depends on the task at hand as well as the resources available (WHO, 2007). Team building also requires managing the individuals that make up the team. The manager needs to know which individuals are best with their special(prenominal) skill sets and how to best utilize them. As stated earlier, there is no contrast between the work of a project manager and the role of a manager. These tasks go hand in hand, reinforcing each other. The managerial roles require managing all variables of a project time, cost, resources. Facilitator roles Sometimes a big project requires more than bingle project manager for its successful completion. In suc h scenarios, a project manager needs to blowout the role of

Company's Local Area Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Companys Local Area Network - Essay ExampleBut it is good to know that a simple cleaning of ones computer can go a long way.But thats not forever and a day the case. A companys networks speed related problems are caused by a lot of factors. It is also very principal(prenominal) to consider the hardware or the topology of the network efficiency of use, expandability and medium used.The topology, or the way in which the stations attached to the network are interconnected (Stallings, 2007). The choice of topology of the company is crucial when offset the network. But in this case, the one troubleshooting should work around the pre existing topology and try to improve it. line of work could be re-routed to make the network simpler by using shorter paths from production control to manufacturing.In even much severe situations, a hardware overhaul is necessary. The processing capability of the controllers may be slower than what is mandatory for the desirable production. The cable may not be able to handle the desirable data order (Tomasi, 2004). Sensors and motors may not be able to respond as fast as they should.IBM United States (2009). even off LAN lines for optimum communications performance. iSeries Information Center, Version 5 Release 3.

ATKINS DIET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ATKINS DIET - Essay Example20-23), the main principle of Atkins provender was to deprive the corpse of carbohydrates so that the body could shift the metabolism of the body from breaking down the glucose to converting the stored body fat (Insel, Turner & Ross, pp. 130-132). This way the person has greater chances of losing incubus and less chances of getting fat again. The Atkins fare focuses its energy on decreasing the phthisis of sugar, glucose, and carbohydrates. Furthermore, the focus also trunk on decreasing the intake of fiber. Towards the end of the day, the subject, along with weight loss, gradually finds himself with a reduced appetite (Bowden, pp. 20-23). However, this type of diet in not at all ideal for vegetarians since Atkins diet includes high quantities of meat as an attempt to profit the protein and minerals content in the diet. Atkins program is different from other diet programs because it goes on to take the way of moderation. kinda than forcing its follow ers to persuasiveness themselves to remain hungry or deprive oneself of the needed food, Atkins Diet follows the mantra of never be hungry. During the first bod of induction, this is also the toughest and strictest phase of the entire course, people start off the program by restricting their daily carbohydrate intake to less than 20 grams (Insel, Turner & Ross, pp. 130-132 Hensley, pp. 85-89). ... In the next phase of pre maintenance, the subject would increase his or her carbohydrate level again to find the level where the weight remains steady. The last phase is of lifetime maintenance where the subject ensures that he or she does not forget the habits acquired in the previous stages (Lutz, Allan & Allen, pp. 64-65). Despite the fact that supporters and proponents of Atkins Diet put forward the evidence that the diet has helped people from several(a) backgrounds to lose their weight and escape the vicious circle of obesity, the diet appears to be falling short on the basic five characteristics of a wholesome diet. Adequacy, which is the first characteristic, refers to the provision of 100 percent nutrients through the diet. kinda clearly, Atkins Diet ensures that the person ends up getting a high protein and saturated fat diet with small-minded or no carbohydrates, fiber, minerals, and vitamins (Hensley, pp. 85-89). The second characteristic is of a nutritious diet is that it has be balanced (Lutz, Allan & Allen, pp. 64-65 Hensley, pp. 85-89). By blocking carbohydrates and fiber, the Atkins Diet fails to fulfill the balanced part of the criteria. However, the Atkins Diet is perfect match for the third criteria of nutritious diet, which is about moderation (Sharkey & Gaskill, pp. 96-98). As mentioned earlier that neither Atkins Diet tells people to eat with full force nor does it tell them to stay hungry for longer periods. Instead, it tells them to adopt s diet, which will not add to their weight but will help them burn the existing calories. The fourt h criterion is about calorie constraint Atkins Diet appears to be hitting the bulls eye on these criteria as well.

Tuesdays with Morrie (Mitch Albiom) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tuesdays with Morrie (Mitch Albiom) - Essay ExampleThe wipeout of his favorite uncle brought a turning point in his look. He made up his mind, earned degrees in journalism and started his career as a sports writer. He worked for some(prenominal)(prenominal) newspapers and finally reached The Detroit Free Press. Mitch prospers in his life, still his covetousness grows. He marries and promises to settle in life some day. Accidentally he hears of his long-forgotten old professor Morrie in a TV interview. Unfortunately his favorite professor is dying of Lou Gehrigs disease. Though afflicted with the disease Morrie refused to be afraid and disappointed. He rather decided to founder his final classes, teaching students how to die. Mitch meets Morrie and promises to visit again. Mitch looses his job in few weeks and decides to meet Morrie as he mat up frustrated with unsettling thoughts. Having abundant time Mitch visits Morrie perpetuallyy Tuesday till Morries death. Mitch records their talks as they discuss everything in life. Morrie gives valuable thoughts regarding death, life, money, marriage and various other things. Their talks, Morries valuable insights and his approach to death became the foundation for Tuesdays with Morrie. Tuesdays with Morie is an awful work that would change the readers perspectives about life. The story reveals what is relevant in life. Readers get highly inspired by the book as they testify that it is the one of the most profound, interesting and thought-provoking book they have ever read. The book presents a wonderfully honest exchange between a professor (who is heading towards death because of a dreadful disease) and his successful student. This true story portrays the compassion and wisdom of a man who had an extraordinarily faithful heart. It is about a man who lived his life to the fullest until the closing of his life. It is a story of a special beat of friendship between the student and the teacher that was lost for m any years. The friendship was never forgotten and was picked up again at the most important period in the lives of the Professor and the student. We find both of them loose and receiving valuable gifts of friendship and love. Morrie gives valuable lessons to Mitch. Morrie teaches Mitch several things through his voice communication. He says that that the happiness of youth is just a farce, as the young people who seldom possess the wisdom to face the miseries they face. Morrie embraces aging, instead of fearing or hating it. He makes Mitch record that aging and death are inevitable and fighting age is a hopeless battle. These words of Morrie made me understand that again and death is a natural part of life that should be interpreted in the right sense. We find that Morrie had lived through all the stages of life and he doesnt wish to fruit to any of these stages. Each of the stages he had gone through makes the man he is now. This made Mitch (and also me) understand that all sta ges of life is important and no stage is better than any other stage. All the stages of life makes a man complete. Morrie is ready to face new frontiers of life in future, though he is closely aware that life is short before him. Morrie wanted to make his remaining days fruitful, instead of acquire depressed all over that the fact that he has to face death soon. Through this lesson Mitch understands that it is pointless to lament over anything and it is utterly foolish to fear anything in life. On the fourth Tuesday Morrie teaches Mitch that if he learns how to die he stinkpot learn how to live. He says this as a reply to Mitch

Information Systems Auditing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Systems Auditing - Assignment theoretical accounting management controls in computer systems within an IT infrastructure to determine the adequacy of the system controls and ensure respect (Puja, 2004, p. 5). It is done through collecting and evaluating evidence to determine whether entropy integrity is maintained and assets ar safeguarded. The physical exertion computer based nurture systems has been incorporated into m either companies and the ability of these companies to survive entirely depends on well-structured information system audit process that points out shortcomings in the information systems usage.The human imaging department of any organization or troupe contains more sensitive data. Human resource workers specifically the payroll employees should be able to establish the employment situation of an active employee, without altering the status, while the personnel employees have the headway from human resource administration or higher authority to ac tivate new employees and alter their status from active to terminated service. The personnel employees have no permission in handling of timecards for employees. This clearly delineate separation of tasks prevents any occurrence of fraudulent incident. In most common cases it has been reported that the payroll employees or the personnel employees process illegal paychecks to terminated employees or ghost workers either as a resolving power of ignorance or fraud motives.Human resource management systems house databases that contain other linked company information that the payroll employees have no reason of seeing. Such information may include data from performance evaluation, health records, and retirement benefit plan balances, and insurance cover.The central location of human resource data is subject to access monitoring enabling the capture of identity of the person logging or exiting as well as the timestamp. This ensures that company data is accessed by authorized personnel and that entry codes are changed periodically where locking mechanisms with keypads are

Critical evaluation of Steve Millar's approach Essay

unfavourable evaluation of Steve Millars approach - Essay Exampleoverseas business expansion, and decentralisation of authority. Critical evaluation of Steve Millars approach The above menti geniusd approaches of miller had been reflected quite intensively in the finalitys and strategies formulated by him. In order to be internationalistic, milling machine had undertaken the route of merger and acquisition. For instance, in order to get entered within the market of France, the company acquired a century old Domaine de la Baume, which is well reputed winery brand with French market. Along with this, there are a number of dissimilar other important established domesticated and exports French brand was acquired BRL Hardy for the purpose of expanding within France, in the year 1990. Six months later, the company acquired Italys oldest winery, named as Brolio de Riscoli for the purpose of clearing the way to get entered within the market of Italy. Along with this, UK is also one o f the most prominent markets of the company in which the company earned quite intensive amount of profits. In this regard, the company established its direct subsidiary within the country. Moreover, the company undertook several crucial mergers and acquisition crosswise Asian and American regions for the purpose of supporting it overseas diversification approach of moth miller (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2011). This approach of Miller can be supported on the ground of growth related corporate level strategical orientation for the organization. As per this approach, business diversification at global level is one of the most economical ways to reduce the impact of external business environment. This approach of Miller supported him to make an efficient portfolio for its business operations, which had proved quite helpful for the organization to diversify the external environmental take chances (House et al 2004). For the long term perspective this strategy of Miller can be appraised. The concept of systematic risk mitigation also advocates the approach of Miller regarding business expansion at international level. However, the case reflects that in order to be international, the disposition of the company in the domestic market was weakened due to international business expansion. This is one of the most critical issues associated with the international business expansion approach of Miller (Hill 2011). In addition to this, the second approach of Miller, for the purpose of making BRL Hardy as an international brand, was related to the decentralization of the management structure of the organization within its international business strategy of the organization. As per this approach Miller was the strong believer of providing some intensive power and authority to the local administration and management of its different business location. In the context of this strategy, he handed over all the power of making decisions and preparedness to Christopher Carson for the purpose of managing all the operations and business activities of its UK subsidiary. This strategy of Miller was proved quite successful as UK subsidiary of the company made some intensive profits for the company in the year 1998. Miller wanted to have some intensive and deep involvement of Carson in the corporate planning and decision making for the company. However, the approach of Miller toward this decentralization was directed to align its European

A Comparative Analysis of the Foreign Policy Process between France Essay

A Comparative Analysis of the Foreign indemnity Process between France and Germany - Essay ExampleAs observed by Philip Gordon, Franco-German military cooperation in the postwar period seems to have taken place despite important differences in perspective between the dickens countries, not because of a fundamental rapprochement of views (Krotz, 2001, p. 3). He added that at both public and elite levels, French and German attitudes toward security and defence were highly different (Krotz, 2001, p. 3). However, as stated, France and Germany, despite of their different approaches to foreign form _or_ system of government were able to build an alliance and become a major force in the European compact (EU). This essay analyses the similarities and differences between the foreign policy process in France and Germany.Comparing and Contrasting French and German Foreign PolicyIn analysing the specific similarities and differences between the foreign policies of France and Germany, it is i mportant to take into account the historical foundation of the Franco-German relations. The assumption that a unwavering diplomacy in Europe should be based on compromise between France and Germany is firmly embraced throughout the German political community. The rapprochementreconciliationbetween Germany and France was establish in 1963 through the Elysee Treaty (McCarthy, 2001, p. 118). Nevertheless, contrary to their strong alliance in the economic sector, a strong cooperation has been problematic in the security and defence arena. The Franco-German relationship throughout the Cold War was mainly grow in the effort of Germany to discreetly take part in security and foreign policy, which allowed France to control the arrangement. The eastward territorial expansion and reunification of Germany thus brought about a level of apprehension in France that Germany would valuate their alliance, specifically when dealing with the objectives and interests

Literary Response #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Response 4 - Essay ExampleAs the poem develops the speakers emotional state takes on a more somber and forlorn tone. Millay writes, but the rain down/ Is full of ghosts tonight, that tap and sigh/ Upon the glass and heed for reply/ And in my heart there stirs a quiet pain/ For unremembered lads that not again/ leave turn to me at midnight with a cry (Millay, 3-8). In these lines Millay uses the visualize of the ghosts in the rain to symbolize the speakers past fill inrs. One can envision the speaker looking out at the rain and attempting to recollect these past individuals. Upon realizing that the speaker will never again share a moment of love and intimacy with these past lovers the speakers emotional state is punctuated by a quiet pain. The consider of the rain as the ghosts of past lovers is highly loadive as rain has an immediate visceral effect of creating the emotion of sadness and slight depression when coupled with the image of past lovers that the speaker wil l never again be able to spend time with, it is not difficult for the viewer to not solely understand, but also feel this somber emotional state.As the poem advances and ultimately concludes the speakers emotional state is explored in greater depth, with more complex images. Millay writes, Thus in the winter stands a lonely tree,/ Nor knows what birds have vanished one by one,/ Yet know its boughs more silent than before/ I cannot say what loves have come and gone/ I only know that summer sang in me/ A little while, that in me sings no more (Millay 9-14). In referring to the lonely tree, the speaker is actually referencing herself. The image of winter conveys both the passage of time, as well the coldness that accompanies the speakers loneliness. While antecedently the speakers emotional state was perceived as slightly somber, this image of winter is starkly dark and despondent. This despondency is advanced in the following image of birds that once frequented the tree

Evidence-based practice in Cognitive-behavioural Therapy for Essay

Evidence-based practice in Cognitive-behavioural Therapy for schizophrenic disorder - canvas ExampleThus far, thither is no legitimate group assigned to give definition to testicle EBP for mental disorder. Therefore, a broader reason of EBP necessitates up to date and unbroken knowledge of clinical evidence associated with the discourse of mental illnesses. This essay discusses evidence-based practice for cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in schizophrenic psychosis. This is an important issue to discuss in the field of EBP because there are still a lot of unsettled problems that need a certain extent of solicitude in the implementation of CBT methods. Empirical support for CBT has been fairly substantial to justify application for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the empirical support concerning CBT has critical weaknesses. There are still problems in understanding CBTs specificity and the stability of any positive outcome beyond the durati on of the treatment itself (Gaudiano 2006, 3). The explanation for the contradictory results is not identified and thus is uncertain. Such unsettled issues suggest the importance of further controlled, randomised studies placing idiom on the stability and specificity of any supposed positive effects of CBT. Empirical Support for EBP in Schizophrenia A primary motivator for studies on psychological treatments for individuals with schizophrenia is the reality that a large reduce of people still develop signs of psychosispossibly 40 percentin spite of intervention with antipsychotics (Roth & Fonagy 2005, 281). CBT administered to clients individually has been examined for community-based samples of individuals with mental illness, for severe current-onset mental disorder, and for relapse avoidance. More currently, interrogation has also started to consider administering CBT to individuals who are passing susceptible to mental illness (Whitfield & Davidson 2007, 47). Even though th ere are proofs that CBT can have many positive outcomes, these proofs are not definite. A major question is which benefits should be considered vital. The study of Rector and Beck (2001) centering on CBT for delusions spy positive outcomes for CBT combined with less detailed psychosocial treatments. Likewise, several individual investigations have spy evident benefits of controlled CBT-based models such as with regard to relapse rates. But on the contrary, other studies that have cogitate on rates of relapse, such as the study of Pilling and associates (2002), have discovered that CBT does not improve them. CBT for schizophrenia is intended to be a supplementary therapy to pharmacotherapy hence, controlled, randomised studies before usually used supplement research paradigms, evaluating usual treatment against usual treatment in addition to CBT. After a number of trials discovered definite gains for CBT outside usual treatment, accurately designed trials started to surface eva luation CBT against nonspecific treatments (Gaudiano 2006, 2). As expected, findings evaluating CBT against some other treatment were less notable. A number of metal-analyses have been made public in the past summing up the results of treatment demonstrated in investigations of CBT for mental illness. Tarrier and Wykes (2004), derived from a current review of 19 clinical studies, discovered an effect-size difference between CBT and comparison conditions of .37 at post-treatment on

The Stamp Act Resolutions and The Declaratory Act Essay

The Stamp hazard Resolutions and The asserting(prenominal) Act - Essay ExampleIn this brief paper, the argument put forward by the colonists in the Stamp Act Resolutions and the crowns response through Parliament in the Declaratory Act of 1766 will be reviewed to determine the position of both the colonists and the Britiah giving medication as the two headed to war. The taxes impose by the crown following the French and Indian War were intended by the British government to re-emphasize their control over the colonies in addition to raising funds for financing their empire. The colonists found the taxes oppressive and unreasonable, but not only due to their practical costs, but also due to the ideological foundations upon which they were founded. He colonists believed that they were being asked to bear all the responsibilities of being British citizens without any of the rights. Therefore they passed the Stamp Act Resolutions as a response to the taxing regime. The Resolutions pr esented an argument that was built around the idea that they were British citizens.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assign handst - Essay ExampleIn the past, defining what comparison is and should be became a contributory factor of the Revolutionary War. In the years prior to the war, the only friendly structure and governmental administration ideologies were those brought with them from Britain. In Britain, it was status and wealth that indicated if a citizen was qualified for equality.(Van Til 1) In early(a) words, equality did not apply to everyone within the society only to a specific elite group. However, the American colonists were far from British life, in the colonies life was different and, often, harsh. These struggles like Indian attacks, hunger, and diseases were experienced univers ally by the rich and poor alike. Slowly but surely colony life and the philosophical concepts of enlightenment thinkers, gave flock the idea that equality could and should not be something bestowed or earned, but something that should be a principle right.(Van Til 1) When doubting Thomas Jefferson wrote that all men are created equal, it sparked the fires of change, particularly, among those that, generally, were not offered equality within society. Anti-salve supporters spoke out that it was absolutely hypocritical to babble out of equality of all men, while owning and profiting from the slave trade.(Foner 4-5) Women were encouraged by the changing perceptions of equality to speak out and be more active. The Native Americans, would not benefit from this changing times, in fact, they would suffer greatly. plain as the colonists fought for the right to freedom and individual equality in the New World, the Native Americans would, sadly, lose all hope of equality, freedoms, and rights to ancestral lands. It is easy to hold in that in these turbulent and changing times that finding the explanation of equality that was inclusive, concise, and agreeable to all, was no easy task. The Revolutionary War itself was, both, a revolt against the British rule, but, also, a civil war among c olonists who did not share the same views on the impending rebellion.(Nash) Loyalists, those faithful to the British exceed and the Patriots, those colonists that sought to make America a new nation all of its own, were forced to stand against all(prenominal) other. Even the slaves found themselves on opposing sides of the war. The British gained their allegiance by offering to free the slaves that would flake for them against the colonists the colonists.. Ultimately, we know the wars imminent outcome. The colonies prevailed and the United States was born independent from Britain. The new philosophies of American would see the abandonment of previous British traditions and social norms. By 1800, the practices of indentured servitude and apprenticeships had nearly disappeared all together. The freedoms and equalities of white men increased. The aristocratic structure of society was dismissed and, for the first time, men of all levels and stations were represented in politics by th e 1780s the majority of white males were qualified to vote.(Foner 1-2) The founding fathers did not know what impact the philosophy of equality would have on the new nation. In truth, they believed in equality of conditioning, not in opportunities. exclusively meaning, all men should be treated equally, allowing for basic courtesies, dignities, and respects they were not necessarily referring

Latin america religious news Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Latin america religious news - Essay ExampleCuba is as well as an interesting case, for the dominant communist ideology embraced by the res publica is antithetical to the doctrine of Christianity. Hence, when the key itinerary of the Pope unfolds over the coming days, it would lead to numerous lecture points in news media and blogosphere. Scheduled to begin on Friday the 23th of this month, the visit could usher in a progressive agenda with wiling and capable hemispheric partners. (Farnsworth, 2012) The Huffington Post article titled The Latin American Spring, published twenty-first March 2012, goes on to say that it is also an opportunity for countries in Latin America to show existent leadership on a number of issues consistent with hemispheric expectations of representative republic and open market place economies. (Farnsworth, 2012). This is an interesting observation, for it implies that the purported religious visit has ramifications in the realms of politics and democr acy as well. It is also a broadsheet of power wielded by religious leaders in this region that something as sweeping as parliamentary and economic reforms are thought possible through directives from the Vatican. The same news item was discussed in the Wisconsin Rapids Tribune of 22 March, 2012. Here, author Nicole Winfield presents some interesting insights into the role of religion in the region. ... The following passage shows the opportunities and challenges in the Cuban leg of the tour. It also indicates the potential of religion to bring ab come forth progressive change Cubas single-party, Communist government activity never outlawed religion, but it expelled priests and closed religious schools upon Fidel Castros takeover of Cuba in 1959. Tensions eased in the early(a) 1990s when the government removed references to atheism in the constitution and let believers of all faiths join the Communist Party... John Pauls 1998 visit further warmed relations. But after 14 years the res no discredit that the current visit of Pope Benedict XVI will help the process of development toward democracy and will open new spaces for the churchs presence and activity (Winfield, 2012) Coming to Mexico, religion is an important social denominator in the clownish, where an estimated 50,000 people were killed during last five years in connection with the war on drugs. The population of the country is overwhelmingly Catholic (more than 80%) and members of the cartels that perpetrate violence and terror in the region are also claiming to be Catholics. In this situation, the pontiff will try to use his religious clout over the plica and help tackle what the Church sees as threats to family values, as well as the rise of rival religious movements. (The Telegraph, 2012) Cuba, on the other hand poses an interesting juxtaposition, for the countrys political culture does not pass on religion and only 10 % of the population are Catholics. Nevertheless, considering that part of so cial work in Cuba is carried out by Catholic institutions, the Popes address will highlight and encourage such cooperation amongst opposing ideological institutions. It will also draw upon historical Christian

Speech Outline Essay Example for Free

reference Outline EssayWhen responding to a medical indispensability you should take three main tintssurvey the scene, tangency emergency medical services, and start mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Method of Organization Chronological Introduction (Begin your presentation with the statement beside Roman identification number I) IFirst Sentence Imagine youre at home eating a holiday dinner with your family and your uncle lead offs to suffer a heart attack.Would you know how to handle the situation by administering cardiopulmonary resuscitation, better know as CPR? IIISpecific Purpose As a lifeguard, I have been certified in CPR for the past intravenous feeding years and Ill teach you what to do when responding to a medical emergency. . IVThesis Tonight I will explicate the lifesaving process of surveying an emergency, contacting emergency medical services, and administering CPR. Body I. According to the Ameri faeces Red Cross, the first step in an emergency is to survey the scene. A. The most important thing in administering First Aid is to throw a itinerary sure you and the victim are safe B.If it is safe to proceed and the victim is not moving, gently rock the victim and ask if she or he is O. K. C. Then, call for help. II. The second step in an emergency is to contact an emergency medical service (EMS). A. There are several ways to contact an EMS. One way is to call 911 If there is no 911 service in your area, call the police or hospital in a flash. You move also call the operator, who will contact the police or hospital for you. B. Designate one individual around you to call EMS. C. If there is no one around, you must call EMS yourself III. The third step in an emergency is to administer CPR. A. Position the victim.Move the victim into the correct position, keeping the persons body as shelter as possible. Position yourself next to the victims shoulders. B. Check the ABCs Opens the airway. Check for ventilation a. Look, listen, and feel for t he victims breath. b. If the victim is not breathing, give him or her two quick breaths right away. Check the pulse C. If there is no pulse, begin chest compressions immediately. Position your hands on the victims chest. Straighten your arms and lock your elbows so your shoulders are directly over your hands Compress the chest of victim 1-1/2 to 2 a. Compress the chest 15 times while counting out loud.Compress for one second each time. D. Repeat the cycles of breathing and chest compression four times. After the fourth cycle, check the victims pulse. If there is still no pulse, be cured _or_ healed the cycles of breathing and chest compression until the victim starts to breath or until medical professionals arrive. Conclusion IThis short linguistic process has shown you the importance of surveying the scene of an emergency, contacting an emergency medical service, and starting CPR. IIBecause of your knowledge of these three steps, you can be the vital link in an emergency such as that described in my introduction and you can help save a life.

Psychodynamic Counselling Concept Essay Example for Free

Psychodynamic Counselling Concept testifyIn this essay I mainly discuss the possibleness and concepts behind psychodynamic proponent, followed by brief discussions of the rehearse and skills involved in working as a psychodynamic counselor, and the clients experience of focusing.Theory/conceptsPsychodynamic counselling is mainly concerned with unconscious processes it takes for granted that humans possess a largely unconscious inward world. Freud argued that while the conscious mind is governed by logic, the unconscious mind is not, and break aways in a very verbal way, motivated only to experience pleasure, unable to delay gratification. Although Psychodynamic counselling works with the conscious mind, it mainly focuses on unconscious processes.We have key figures in our lives e.g. parents, carers, and partners are referred to as aspirations, and familys with them termed object relationships. The phrase object refers to the Freudian concept of the target, or objec t of the instinct. Object relationships embody not only actual relationships that overly the ways that the conscious mind distorts them. The unconscious is viewed as dynamic and purposeful, having huge impact on emotions and behaviour. Psychodynamic theory posits that humans are driven by a need to remain unaware of uncomfortable truths that come forth from the unconscious, experiencing many conflicting needs and demands, e.g. between ones suffer wishes and those of others.To deal with conflicts people sustain defences, these include repression, a form of forgetting, denial, claiming that something is not upsetting when really it is, and rationalisation, where a degree is created to account for that which aspects uncomfortable. Projection involves attributing to others characteristics unacceptable to the self, making assumptions about them based on the need to avoid threat. Psychodynamic counselling encourages the client to recognise and accept the troubling attribute, a proc ess called reintrojection.To engage in projection a defence mechanism called, splitting, is used when one is finding it toothreatening to accept dickens opposing traits, such as being capable of both love and hate. It is natural to develop defences, but problems come with their overuse, e.g. using denial so often that problems are not faced. Applying defences too rigidly causes touchyies, and its when they start to disintegrate that individuals might seek counselling. Psychodynamic counselling holds that psychological symptoms emerge from the knowledgeable world. e.g., developmental problems or conflict may lead to anxiety or self-harm. The psychodynamic approach seeks to address these issues at their roots, as tumefy as alleviating symptoms.Psychodynamic counselling is based on developmental theory, and asserts that childhood experiences affect adult personality. It is understood that occasional memory is physically unavailable to children under three, but that implicit memory and body memory function from an earlier age. Neuroscience now supports the concept that early emotional experiences influence brain development the psychodynamic approach posits that the client-counsellor relationship is crucial to the process of change.This is considered in terms of three concepts, the first being transference All those impulses go through by the patient in relation with the analyst which are not newly created by the documental analytic situation but have their source in early indeed, the very earliest object relations. The counsellor may become aware of feelings in him/herself indicating issues that the client is unable to express this is counter transference. The real relationship is that which is free of the previous two dynamics. Within the client-counsellor relationship, elements of the clients inner world can be revealed and become available for healing (Howard, 2011, p.22-25)Practice/skillsPsychodynamic counselling employs a repress of basic skills th at are common to other approaches. It shares the core values of the Rogerian approach empathy, congruence and unconditional tyrannical regard. The ability to listen is of course crucial. Summarising and reflecting back to the client what s/he has said are infallible skills, as well as being able to say things that the client get out find difficult to hear.The following are skills specific to Psychodynamic counsellingGaining informed consent involves informing the client of the nature, risks and benefits of counselling at the appropriate magazine not so soon as to scare him/her away, but in easily time. For this purpose it is advisable for the counsellor to be aware of when the assessment phase is concluding, as this is the best time to invite informed consent.The counsellors attention to the client is one element that facilitates change. The counsellor mustiness alternate between close listening to the client and attention to how s/he will respond, raffish to transference and counter transference. To be aware of both the conscious and unconscious elements of the clients intercourse, the counsellor must practice evenly suspended attention.The counsellor must listen to unconscious communication as well as the explicit information the client is presenting. This includes being able to consider wherefore the client is behaving and speaking as they are, linking this to issues arising in transference, and being able to raise such issues with the client. The counsellor will also make interpretations based on extra transference grasping connections between events, thoughts and behaviour misrelated to the client-counsellor relationship.The clients experienceInitially a client experiences the formal behaviour of the counsellor, sessions have boundaries of time, space, and confidentiality and these factors abide to a sense of safety and predictability. The client should come to feel held by the counselling experience, enabling him/her to feel able to explore pa inful issues and memories a safe space to lower ones defences, be vulnerable and be held together. Receiving a counsellors undivided attention contributes to this Dibs In Search of ego illustrates an emotionally deprived childs first experiences of undivided and non-judgemental attention, enabling him to blossom in self-discovery.A client goes through a process of developing informed consent, the transference relationship begins once equal trust is established, as it may be experienced as threatening. The client develops an attachment to the counsellor as someone who can help and care for them, and thus may become fearful both of their own needs and of being let down .The ending of the relationship can be painful for the client, and the counsellor should allow plenty of time to deal with issues around this.In conclusion, psychodynamic counselling functions to bring to awareness of the unconscious processes that govern the clients inner life. A variety of practices are employed in align to supply a client with a sense of security as well as a source of challenge in order to facilitate positive change.ReferencesAXLINE, V. M., 1990. Dibs, In Search of Self. capital of the United Kingdom PenguinFREUD, A., 1937. The self-importance and the Mechanisms of Defence. London HogarthHOWARD, S., 2011. Psychodynamic Counselling in a Nutshell. 2nd edition. London Sage.HOWE, D., 1993. On Being a Client. London Sage

Paul’s Missionary Journey Essay Example for Free

capital of Minnesotas Missionary Journey EssayThe Apostle capital of Minnesota was the nifty leader in the importeeous intonation which characterized the apostolic age, the transition from a prevailingly Judaic to a prevailingly gentile Christianity. Under his guidance Christianity was saved from withering and death, which threatened it if it remained confined in Palestine.At the aforementi angiotensin converting enzymed(prenominal) age, by suit of his insight into the truth of the church doctrine and fidelity to it, as well as by his devotion to the Old Testament and loyalty to the highest Judaic ideals in which he had been reared, he saved Christianity from the moral and religious degeneracy to which it would surely take on been brought if it had lowly with its past, and had tried to stand alone and helpless amid the whirl of Hellenic religious movements of the first and second Christian centuries. In Paul a great force of onward movement and a pro put together an d conscious(p) radicalism were combined with fundamentally conservative principles.Paul appears to absorb been born at not far from the same time as Jesus Christ. According to Acts, Paul was born in Tarsus (Acts 911 etcetera ), accredited the double name Saul/Paul (139), and through his family possessed Tarsian and Roman citizenship (2225-29 (Murphy-OConnor 32-33). Overall, Paul nominate be described as an able and thoroughly trained Jew, who had gained from his residence in a classical city that degree of Greek education which complete familiarity with the Greek language and the ha snapual use of the Greek translation of the Scriptures could bring.At bottom he ever remained the Jew, in his feelings, his background of ideas, and his mode of thought, but he knew how to make for tolerably intelligible to Greek readers the truths in which, as lie came to conceive, lay the satisfaction of their deepest needs. At capital of Israel Paul entered ardently into the pursuit of the Pha risaic ideal of complete conformity in either particular to the Law. He was, he tells us, put blameless (to every eye but that of his own conscience), and, he says, I advanced in the Jews religion beyond many of mine own age among my countrymen, cosmos more exceedingly zealous for the traditions of my fathers.With fiery passion he entered into the persecution of the Christian sect, was state and took a motley of part at the murder of Stephen, and undertook to course on the earn of suppression outside of Palestine at Damascus, whither he journeyed for this purpose with letters of introduction from the authorities at Jerusalem (Murphy-OConnor 52-57). At this time took dress his conversion.That he was converted, and at or near Damascus, his own words leave no dubiousness. I persecuted, he says in writing to the Galatians, the Church of God. . . But when it was the good pleasure of God, who separated me, even from my m another(prenominal)s womb, and bring uped me through his g race, to proclaim his Son in me, that I might preach him among the gentiles straightway I conferred not with flesh and breed neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles before me but I went away into Arabia and again I returned unto Damascus (Gal i. 13-17). The heighten evidently presented itself to Pauls mind as a take divine interposition in his life.It came to him in a revelation of Jesus Christ, whereby (and through no human intermediary) he veritable the gospel truth which he preached, and the commission to be an apostle. He refers to it as to a single event and an absolute change of direction, not a gradual process and development the two parts of his life stood sharply contrasted, he did not conceive that he had slid by imperceptible grades from one to the other. What things i. e. his advantages of birth and Jewish attainment were gain to me, these have I counted loss for Christ . . . or whom I suffered as if in a single moment the loss of all things (Ph il. iii. 7. 8).From Pauls own words, then, we know that he was converted from a persecutor to a Christian, at a definite time and at or near Damascus, by what he considered to be the direct interposition of God and it seems to be this experience of which he thought as a vision of the move Christ (Hubbard 176-77). After Pauls conversion, which took place in the latter part of the reign of Tiberius (14-37 a. d. ), about fifteen historic expiration passed before the missionary career began of which we have knowledge from Acts and from Pauls own epistles.During this time Paul was first in Arabia, that is in some part of the empire of which Damascus was the approximately famous city, then in Damascus, and later, later on a brief visit to Jerusalem, in Cilicia, doubtless at his old(a) home Tarsus. In this period we may suppose that he was ad ripeing his whole system of thought to the new move which had established itself in his mind, the Messiahship of Jesus. With the new basis in mind every part of his intellectual world must(prenominal) have been thought through. Especially, we may believe, will he have studied the telling of Christian faith to the old dispensation and to the ideas of the prophets.The fruit of these years we have in the matured thought of the epistles. They show a steadiness of setting and a readiness of resource in the use of the Old Testament, which testify to through work in the time of preparation. Epistles written years apart, like Galatians, Romans and Philippians, surprise us by their uniformity of thought and unstrain similarity of language, in spite of the richness and vivacity of Pauls thought and style. So, for the most part, the characteristic ideas even of Epliesians and Colossians are found suggested in germ in Corinthians and the earlier epistles.Pauls epistles represent the literary flowering of a mind alert by years of study and reflection (Murphy-OConnor 90-95). At Pauls missionary journey and the beginning then do o f churches in Asia Minor we have already looked in a previous chapter. After his return to Antioch followed that great and pivotal occasion of early Christian history, the so-called Council, or Conference, at Jerusalem, described in the ordinal chapter of Acts and by Paul in the second chapter of Galatians.At that time Paul established his right to carry on the work of Christian missions in accordance with his own principles and his own understanding of the Christian religion. His relation with the Twelve Apostles seems then and at all times to have been cordial. His difficulties came from others in the Jewish Church. To this we know of nevertheless one exception, apparently somewhat later than the Conference, the occasion at Antioch when Peter under pressure from Jerusalem withdrew from fellowship with the gentile brethren, and called out from Paul the severe rebuke of which we read in Galatians.There is reason to believe that the rebuke accomplished its purpose. At any rate, at a later time there is no evidence of a continued breach. The idea of missionary travel had evidently taken pigheadedness of Paul, for after returning from Jerusalem to Antioch he soon started out again, and was incessantly occupied with missionary work from now until the moment of his arrest at Jerusalem. Leaving Antioch on his second journey he and his companions zip across Asia Minor, stopping only, it would appear, to revisit and inspect churches previously established.They were led by the Holy Spirit, as the source of Acts believed, to direct their course westward as rapidly as possible to Greece, which was to be the next stage in the path to the capital of the world. In Macedonia and Achaia Paul and his companions worked with varying success at Philippi, Thessalonica, Ber? a, Athens, Corinth. At Corinth, the headman commercial city of Greece, the Christians arrived in the late autumn. The work opened well, and Paul remained at that important centre until a year from the fo llowing spring.The date of his stretch cannot be exactly determined, but is probably one of the five years between 49 and 53 a. d. While at Corinth he wrote the First and (if it is genuine) the back Epistle to the Thessalonians. Somewhere about this time, perhaps before leaving Antioch for this journey, the Epistle to the Galatians was written. The churches of Galatia, to which it is addressed, were probably the churches known to us in Acts as Pisithan Antioch, Iconium, Lystra, and Derbe.After a flying trip to Syria and perhaps to Jerusalem Paul returned to Ephesus in Asia Minor, where he colonized down for a stay of three years. A few incidents of this period have been recorded in the Book of Acts, and are among the most striking and realistic that we have. They include a remarkable number of points of wholesaler with facts known to us from archeological discoveries, and in no chapters of Acts is our confidence more fully reassured in the contemporary knowledge and the trustwort hiness of the writer of the book.While at Ephesus Paul had much communication with Corinth, and wrote I Corinthians, which had clearly been preceded by another letter. There are indications in II Corinthians that after this he found the difficulties in the church at Corinth such that he wrote them at least one letter which has been lost, and do a short, and in its outcome exceedingly painful, trip to Corinth and back to Ephesus. Finally he was impelled by danger to his life to leave Ephesus, and went through Macedonia to Corinth.On the way he wrote, to prepare for his own presence, the epistle we call II Corinthians. Arriving at Corinth in the early overwinter he stayed until spring. His literary impulse continued active, and to this winter we owe the Epistle to the Romans. Earlier letters had been called out by special need in one or another church in Romans Paul comes nearer to a systematic exposition of his theology than in any of his earlier writings. He knew the importance th at would surely belong to the Christian Church of Rome.He had do up his mind to go there. But first he must go to Jerusalem, and there were dangers both from the risks of travel and from hostile men. Of each hind his life had had many examples. Accordingly he provided for the Roman Christians a clear statement of his main position, together with a reply to several of the chief objections brought against it, notably the allegations that his presentment of Christianity involves the abrogation of Gods promises to his chosen people, and that it opened the way to moral laxity.This letter Paul sent as an impatient of his own visit to Rome. He had been for a year or more supervising the collection by the churches of Asia Minor and Europe of a contribution for the poor Christians at Jerusalem the gentile churches should thus make a repayment in carnal things to those who had made them to be partakers of their spiritual things. This contribution was now ready, and Paul himself with a grou p of representatives of the chief churches took ship at Philippi and Troas for Jerusalem.The voyage is narrated in detail in Acts, evidently by one who was a member of the company. At last Paul reached Jerusalem, and was well received by the church but, followed as he was by the hatred of Jews from the Dispersion who had recognized the menace to the Jewish religion proceeding from the new sect, he was set upon by a mob, rescued only by being taken in custody by the Roman authorities, and after a series of enkindle adventures which will be found admirably told in the Book of Acts, was brought to Csarea.There he stayed a prisoner for two years and more until on the occasion of a change of Roman regulator his case was brought up for trial, when he exercised the right of a Roman citizen to appeal from the jurisdiction of the Governor to that of the purple court at Rome. It was late autumn, but he was dispatched with a companion whom we may well believe to be Luke the beloved physician , and from whom our account certainly comes.The narrative of Pauls voyage and shipwreck, of the winter on the island of Malta, and the final arrival at Rome early in one of the years between 58 and 62 a. d. is familiar. It is the most important document that antiquity has left us for an understanding of the mode of working an ancient ship, magical spell the picture which it gives of Paul as a practical man is a delightful supplement to our other knowledge of him(Murphy-OConnor 324).In Rome, while under guard awaiting trial, Paul probably wrote Philippians, Colossians, Philemon, and the circular letter, seemingly intend for churches in Asia Minor, known to us as Ephesians. They show some new development of ideas long present with him, and some new thoughts to which his other writings give no parallel, and the style of some of them has changed a bit from the freshness of Galatians and Romans but these are not sufficient reasons for denying that Paul wrote the letters.They are, indeed , as it seems to me, beyond reasonable doubt genuine. The Book of Acts ends with the words, And he Paul abode two whole years in his own hired dwelling, and received all that went in unto him, preaching the Kingdom of God, and teaching the things concerning the Lord Jesus Christ with all boldness, none forbidding him. This period of two years is sufficient to include the composition of the four epistles to which reference has just been made, Philippians, Colossians, Philemon, and Epliesians, the so-called Epistles of the Captivity.What happened at the expiration of the period? Apparently Pauls case, long postponed, then came to trial. Did it result in his way out or his execution? The evidence is meager and conflicting, and opinions differ. It is perhaps a little more likely that he was released, and entered on further missionary work, probably carrying out his original purpose of pushing on with the resolution of his Gospel to the west, and establishing it in Spain but of this p eriod there is no narrative.If after two years Pauls chains at Rome ended with his release, as the absence of well-founded charges against him would lead us to expect, he must have been later again apprehended, probably in connection with the persecution artfully turned against the Christians at the time of Neros fire in July of the year 64. It is probable that he was beheaded, to which privilege his Roman citizenship entitled him, and that he was lastly buried on the Ostian Way at the spot where now stands the splendid basilica of St. Paul extracurricular the Walls.

Marios Game and Video Masters Rentals Essay Example for Free

Marios Game and Video know Rentals EssayThis project exit aim to decide the schooling handling problems of Marios Game and Video Masters Rentals.Marios Game and Video Masters Rentals is a rental store that rents videos, games, and now DVDs ( upstartly added) and is run by a man named Mario Anderson.To provide these run information is collected and stored round the breaker points, and the phalluss. Information astir(predicate) each section is written on a card, which is then put in to a card index lash, which is sorted out by the member surname, then forename, then member topic. Information about the breaker points is put onto a card, which is then put in its case. After each day, a shop assistant save ups loans list of all the heads that pick out been rented out, along with the member number and video number, and name.What happens in Normal circumstances?When a member complimentss to rent out a copy, the customer essential take it from an empty case from the sh elf with the level card inside it. When he/she hands it into the counter, the shop assistant takes the card out and looks at the video number, and then takes the member number from the customer.If the member has lost their membership card, then they must pay a fee of 2.00, and forget put one across a new card. The persons old card for the store is destroyed, and the new one is put in the niche .The shop assistant then asks the customer how many days he or she will want to rent it for, and writes it on the item card. The shop assistant then hands the item over to the customer. When an item is returned, the shop assistant goes back to the loan list from the date of rental. He or she then crosses it off. Then, he or she puts the case back onto the shelf and the item behind the counter.At the end of everyday, the loan lists be searched to go through out if there are any neglectful items. Then, by hand they must write a letter to the corresponding tribe.What happens in Special ci rcumstances?When a new member joins, he must pay a joining fee of 5.00. Their dilate are stored on the card and dictated in the index box in order. The shop assistant then gives the new member a membership card.When a member leaves, hand in their membership card, and their card in the index box is taken out and destroyed.When an item is bought, an item details card is filled out and put in the case. The actual item is put behind the counter, and the case with the card inside is placed on the shelf.When an item is sold because it is non popular any more than, the video card is taken out and destroyed.What Problems do the current ashes cause?The current carcass causes the following(a) problemsMembers lose their membership cards. They must pay 2.00 for a new one.Somemagazines the cards go missing, so then new ones must be written out, and that is preferably time-consuming.Sometimes, when different shop assistants write out the video card, other assistants may not be subject to read the others handwriting, which leads to huge error e.g. a 4 written could look like a 9.A members card or an item card could be misplaced and could take a lot of time to findIt is very time consuming when a shop assistant must look through and through the loan lists and write the reminder earn.When customers ask the staff whether a particular title is available, the staff will not be able to know it unless they have a particularly good memory.How could Mr Anderson solve the information-handling problems?Mr Anderson could solve their information handling problems by utilize a filing cabinet to store their information about members and items using detail cards. The advantage of this organisation is that much more information tolerate be stored using this system. nevertheless the disadvantages are that these could be misplaced, lost or damaged, just like the existing system. Unauthorised people quarterful take some records. It would also be quite time consuming.Another way of work the problems would be to use a computing machine to store information about members, rentals, and items.The advantages of this system are that it can store a lot of entropy in a small space, searches through it very quickly. But computers can be quite expensive.There are two ways a computer can be used. You could write a program to solve all the information-handling problems, but I do not know how to write programs on the computer and it is very expensive to pay a programmer and it would be time-consuming. Or, you could use an application package such as a database. This database could store and form all the information about members, items, and rentalsWhat is the best way out of the solutions?The best way to solve the information handling problems of Mr Anderson will be to set up a new system using a computer. I have unconquerable to use a computer because* Computers can store large amounts of data in a small space.* The information can be searched very quickly* Lists and reports about the information in a computer can be produced very quickly and easygoing.* There is already a computer that can be used (Mr Anderson has two computers at home, one of which he does not use)I have decided to do this using an application package because* I do not know how to write computer programs* There is a wide variety of application packages* Application packages can be changed and customised to suit the needs of the user* Have used different application packages I the pastThe most suitable vitrine of application package will be a database because* Database packages are specially designed to store and process information.* I have used database packages before, so I know a lot more about these as oppose to packages I have never used beforeWhat must the new system be able to do?The new system must be able to perform the following tasks* Allow member details to be looked up, edited and stored quickly, easily and accurately* Allow item details to be looked up, e dited and stored quickly, easily and accurately* Allow rental details to be looked up, edited and stored quickly, easily and accurately* Allow item details to be searched to answer customer enquiries quickly and easily* bring forth a report listing member and video details for overdue items.* Produce reminder letters to members with overdue items.The following criteria will be used to evaluate the success of the new system* The system must be able to store at least 10 member records* The system must be able to store at least 20 item records* The system must be able to store at least 10 rental records* It must take no long-lasting than 30 seconds to find and display a rental, item or loan record.* It must take no longer than two minutes to answer customers enquiries by entering search criteria and finding matching item* It must take no more than one minute to find and delete a member, item or rental record* It must take no more than two minutes to find and edit a member, item or re ntal record* It must take no more than two minutes to create a new member, item or rental record* On-screen data entry forms must be clearly laid out to make data entry easy* On-screen data entry forms must use automatic data validation to reduce data error on input* It must take no longer than 5 minutes to search for members with overdue video and produce a summary report* Reminder letters to customers with overdue videos should be clearly laid out and include all the details of the videos that need to be returned.

Federal Highway Act Essay Example for Free

federal official track Act EssayThe accounting part of the air duct industry focuses on the financial statements. The financial statements atomic number 18 composed of the balance tag, the income statement, and the statement of cash flows. The customers and the worldwide public atomic number 18 more interested in the passenger ticket prices as well as the cargo shipping rates. The follo break throughg paragraphs expounds on either(prenominal) of the galore(postnominal) issues on the United States Air berth Industry.In the denomination The Future of American Transportation Policy, the Federal Highway Act of 1956 was an all important(predicate) milestone in the history of American airline transportation and blend in history. For, it focused on the finished the interstate highway system. Finally, the completion occurred in the early 1990s which where the general agreement on transportation among the Americans had faded away. Many economists had expressed their concern o ver the American political sympathiess management the transportation infrastructure. (Dilger, 2003). And, in the article The Law on Securities, was approved into law inside the market economy development and the entrepreneurship program as the 1989 era closed. It was again revised in June of 1990.For, many airline companies trade their sh ars of stocks in Wall Street and other stock markets to any one who wants to aver a part of airline companies. This law gives the guidelines on the issuance of treasury bills, commercial notes and bonds. This law gives a wide interpretation on how people can buy a share of an airline company. Meaning, any airline company that has a profit character can freely offer its shares to the moneyed public. These shares are generally divided into ordinary (common) shares, preferred (as to dividend payments), cumulative, non cumulative, bearer and registered shares of stocks.In addition, the airline companies can also put in into a creditor debtor relatio nship when it offers bonds and other short term liability securities. However, the stocks offered in the stock markets essential be branded as profitable in order to sell like hotcakes. To accomplish this, the airline companies offer to the interested investors free copies of their income statements that show that they have been making (passing) the grade because profits is the bottom line of the company for the past year or years of actual airline operations.And, to further give reliance to the airline companies balance sheet and income statements, the companies attached an auditors reported that the financial statements are somewhat presented. On the other hand, an auditors report stating that the financial statements are adversely presented means that the financial reported issued by the company are falselypresented. Also, an auditors report that gives a no opinion portion shows that the financial statements have not been audited for one reason or another (Skof Vukmir, 1993). Further, the article The CEO as an Organization Designery states that Professor Germeshausen, a Professor Emeritus in the Massachusetts set up of Technology opined that many senior officers in the airline companies can comfortably assess ahead of beat the effect ad influence of their many policies on the stableness, growth nuances and the mo lastary behavior of the organizations that they manage and are responsible for. (Keough Doman, 1992) Also, the article A Problem Finding Approach to Tactical Planning states that questions should be answered by the airline managers for tactical planning in terms of strategic planning environment.Some specific and important questions that could be asks include What Corporate planning information is needed by top management and unified planners to give direction to the company tomorrow? should be renovated to the better What tactical plans are needed by middle level managers to insure a high level of sales (such as an annual change magnitud e in prior sales by a minimum benchmark of fifteen percent). Another favourable question would be to did the company generate profits generated after deducting total costs and expense from the net sales? One way of answering this question well is for the managers to implement a cypher. A budget allow state the maximum costs and expenses that the company will pay and the projected net sales and collections of accounts receivables in advance (a month or more ahead of the actual use of the expenses and cots). The budget shows the estimated amounts that will occur in the future such as the budgeted sales, budgeted purchases, budgeted production, budgeted administration expenses, the budgeted marketing and promotion expenses, budgeted balance sheet and other budgets.In addition, the planning strategy using the what if this happens? , and the accompanying what must be done to win here? approach will be a very useful tool to plan for a future action to break up a future problem in ter ms of cost, expenses, sales, production and the like. To resolve this, the company must continuously update its information database because lack of information may result to a wrong decision or interpretation of data.

Advanced technology Essay Example for Free

Advanced technology EssayNow, in our society all over the world technology is the most important advancement, a necessity in bringing ab off get on as we move along in this computerized world. These changes in effect make mans spiritedness easier and more convenient.Our advanced technology is unfortunately affecting the study habits of the students beca employment there a lot of gadgets that they fuel use for searching information almost everybody depends on the network, but there ar still numerous importance of having a subroutine library. Many raft think that they substructure find everything they need on the internet and that is not necessarily so. There is a lot of copy write material that is protected rise up beyond after the time the author is deceased. The internet can compliment the library and work pass on and hand, but it cant replace it. Google hasnt even begun to digitized all the books that are available.Library is a place in which literary and artistic materials such as books, periodicals, newspapers, pamphlets, prints, records, and tapes, are kept for reading, reference or lending. A accrual of such materials especially when systematically arranged. The library is a bunch of books with a librarian to check them out to you and back in when you return them. It is important that the library is well organized.Library Borrowing/Returning corpse is a process of organizing important information, used to track borrowed items and the scheduled time for returning. This system helps users or people who are responsible in recording the data appropriately. It also saves time and more convenient to use than the traditional manual recording. Lack of library System in a school can conduct to disorder and troubles, and because of it the librarian is having a problem to serve each students and faculties who wish to use the library It is super useful in the school to use computerized system.The librarian has to keep the building neat and in un sloped repair and also these things only shows a few of the things which make up your library. Schools set the various encyclopedism changes to achieve the current level of education in other countries. Because of the growing numbers of computer users, this became an in effect(p) medium to demonstrate the knowledge and skills of the students. From the traditional searching process for the books in the libraries, the interactive usage of computers can be now addressed as part of the library system.Statement of the ProblemTraditionally, library systems are implemented manually. Forms are given to Librarian and they fill them of using pens. Afterwards, the school administrators process them manually and complied on large bulky file cabinet. Indeed, the manual Library system is very costly, time consuming and tedious. The master(a) complaint of school administrators with this system is the tiresome task of searching through records just to verify your doubt data. The fast phased of technology helped a lot to the improvement of the library system. Technology enabled software developers to computerize the library system. The automated library system helped the schools greatly. Library, transactions and queries can be created in a single click.

Marketing and Its Components Essay Example for Free

trade and Its Components EssayEnvironmental analysis of UKIn tell apart to achieve mastery in implementing some trade plan, PEST analysis plays a major role beca delectation it allows the brasss to do a complete analysis of political, economicalal, complaisant and scientific medical prognosiss of the brass and the evidence quite a little be taken from the example of Tesco UK. The success factor of Tesco good deal be analyzed from the merchandising schema it has impressd in order to deal with the strength customers of fall in Kingdoms. However, this company has taken all the basic concepts of grocerying under love while making its strategic plan. Here is the PEST analysis of Tesco UK.PoliticalThe system of ruless which direct political backup and keeps the political aspects under consideration while marketing its redevelopment get promulgation within no time. For instance, Tesco is an inter interior(a) supermarket its policies are ever compatible to the r egions in which it provides its services. In UK, it has too kept this amour under consideration and thats why, got especial(a) response from the customers. In this regard, following steps baffle been taken It has fulfilled legislative requirements of United Kingdoms in that respect is no violation of Labor law, environmental law, trade law, health and tariff restrictions Policies have been certain retentiveness the political scenarios under consideration Tesco has alike developed its own ethical and sustainability policy property the national ethical policy of UK in viewEconomicSince UK market is one of the most sensitive markets of the world, economic sustainability is another factor that inevitably thorough analysis in order to deal with any marketing situation. Most of the consumer within UK requires a mathematical overlap that suits not just now their lifestyle but also their budget. though brand loyalty and trust is also a positive factor that usher out be regarded as a strong rationalness for the success of this unioniseation, still some consumers find it difficult to buy greetly crossings. Tesco UK has also kept this thing in view and provided different solutions in the public figure of war-ridden prices and sales. However, the economic analysis of Tesco indicatesPotential investment of company authorities within UKPayment of taxes on each productAdoption of sensitive price strategyPaying interest rateExtensive participation in regional economic growthSocialThe analysis of social factors of Tesco UK is as followedTargeting young people for product marketingIncreasing demand of the international products due to increasing migrantsMulti-cultural customersBargaining power of customersSafety issues homogeneous inability of customers to understand product precautionsTechnologicalAs far as technological factors are concerned, Tesco has also kept this aspect under consideration while marketing its services in United Kingdoms. automatonli ke payment systemAuto-checking while entering and exiting from supermarketUse of electronic system for cash and balanceslaying of safety cameras in supermarketsWireless devicesRFIDControl of Tesco over environmental factorsAs far as the environmental factors that are beyond the soften of Tesco UK are concerned, it is the competitive forces, suppliers, customers, inflation ratio and technological advancement which have affected sustainability of Tesco in one way or other.CompetitorsPotential rivalrys of Tesco UK are as followedWal-MartCostcutterCarrefourAs far as online competitors are concerned, they involveEbay UKAmazon UKCustomerAnother aspect that is beyond the control of Tesco UK is bargaining power of customers. The demands of customers vary with the passage of time and Tesco UK has to assume change management strategy keeping the changing demands of the customers. In this regard, the factors that can affect Tesco directly involveBargaining power of customersRecession throttl e budget of customersChanging requirements according to the trendInflation ratioInflation ratio is another aspect which is beyond the control of Tesco UK since there are several factors which contribute in such cases and if this supermarket gives capability discounts on each product that threats the sustainability of their relation with suppliers. However, this thing is controlled to a small extent with providing different packages and sales in low seasons,Technological advancementSince with the advancement in technology, consumers are also attracting towards online shopping, online platforms have taken the sit of strong competitors. A consumer seeks ease through purchasing products from online portal that can deliver the objects at home. Though Tesco also has its own web portal yet the technological advancement pees it complex for this organization to put one across subdue strategy in each country. However, through adopting timely change management strategy, this organizatio n can deal with such situation.Section 2Creating and sustaining competitive returnssTesco is the 3rd largest grocery store of the worlds and there are ample potential competitors which can be regarded as the core competent of this organization. However, still this organization has been gaining competitive advantages through sustaining and presume competitive advantage strategy.As far as the core competitors of Tesco in this industry are concerned, Wal-Mart and Carrefour are two leading organizations that compete with Tesco on spherical level. The reason why it had remained on third aspect is that it had initiated its service after a long time. However, it is the competitive advantages which it has uphold in regional as well as global competitive market that it has been positioned on third rank among all supermarkets of the world.As far as the strategies in order to gain competitive advantage are concerned, there are several creative and sustainable competitive strategies which can be developed in order to gain competitive advantage in this industry. In this regard, Porters generic strategies can be utilized because all the successful organizations like Wal-Mart and Carrefour have gained such position only through assuming exceptional(a) competitive strategy. The first strategy that can be promulgated in this regard is cost leadership strategy which would enable Tesco to offer its services and products to not only national but international consumers and markets in lowest cost. For this purpose, they would also have to control the overall cost of the operations so that they can easily maintain investment and this price control strategy neer affects this organization in one way or other. done assuming this strategy, Tesco would be able to turn in not only potential profit but also competitive advantage as well. If Tesco would use differentiation strategy as indicated by Porter, it would enable this organization to offer its products and services to its customers promulgating unique features and apprize added services that would attract potential customers a lot. This would also give competitive advantage in the form of brand loyalty of customers and double profit. Differentiation can be generated through assuming novel technological feature, providing cheer added service, exceptional customer service and so forth Another option to create and sustain competitive advantage in local as well as international markets is market penetration.For instance, for Tesco, it might be difficult to assume differentiation or cost leadership strategy since it requires price maintenance. It can also make its marketing sources exceptional. For this purpose, as indicated in Ansoff Matrix, market penetration strategy would prove ample lucrative. It promoter this organization can gain competitive advantages through penetrating in existing market, find potential sources for promulgating its products and services and then foc exploitation on internal e fficiencies in order to come up with the requirements of the consumers.Nevertheless, Tesco can gain competitive advantage through assuming cost leadership and differentiation strategy in global market since it would enable this organization to compete with global giants. However, market penetrations strategy would work if this organization wants to create and sustain exceptional position in local markets like that of United Kingdoms and China. However, it cannot be utter that Tesco used to utilize such strategies without doing market analysis. In this regard, Tesco does market analysis through assessing its market position and contemporary ratio of market growth which enables it to analyze which strategy would enable it to compete on global as well as local level and in this regard, the significance of BCG matrix cannot be neglected. round organizations used to employ all these strategies collaboratively and consider that there will be competitive advantage that is a wrong notion. Thats why most of them stuck in the middle and ultimately find it difficult to configuration out the best option. This is not the case with Tesco since its a global organization and its management has exceptional expertise in dealing with such kind of situation assuming the best strategy that can generate passive competitive advantages.Hence, these are some of the potential options which an organization can utilize for competing with the strongest competitor in its relevant industry but before assuming any particular strategy, the organization needs to have its portfolio analysis as well. the examples of Tesco, Wal-Mart and Carrefour can be taken as evidence in this regard since Tesco has assumed strategic option through analyzing its contemporary position in global market and hence, gained successful position as well,Section 3Product life cycleA product life cycle possesses different pegs like introduction, growth, maturity and decline. However, the marketing strategies vary acco rding to the changing stage of product life cycle and the organizations that use appropriate strategic options according to the requirements of the contemporary scenario, get success in product marketing.On first stage, organizations used to apply marketing Mix elements in which, it suggests specifications of products, appropriate price, promotion strategies and place where it can gain successful position. Different examples can be seen in the form of Toyota motors, McDonald fast food industry and Tesco service providers in this regard. For example, Toyota wants to launch one of its product, the initial strategy that it would adopt will be determining price specifying promotion strategy and place, promulgating product specifications.Product design, specification, how it works, extra benefits of using it etc Price initially the cost would be low since this new product would take time to make its position in the markets. Promotion this section would indicate promotional strategies lik e launching product providing value added services Place this section indicates the best market for promulgating new vehicle like United Kingdoms, Canada etc.The second stage is referred to as Growth stage. At this point, the strategic plan differentiated through assuming growth strategy like market development etc. For instance, when Tesco opened new store in China, it achieved growth status through developing market and for that purpose, it affiliated itself with one of the regional supermarkets that enabled this supermarket to have potential growth in new market.The third stage is referred to maturity stage. On this stage, the product or service got its spring up status and for its sustainability, different strategies are adopted in order to maintain its position through assuming change management strategy if required. Market penetration strategy is considered the best option in such cases since through constant penetration in market, the contemporary position of the product and service is analyzed. For instance, in UK markets, environment changes are uncertain and this thing affects the requirements of consumers. So, Tesco UK constantly do market penetration in order to sustain its position and cope with competitors.Last stage is referred to the decline stage and it is considered the death of the product. However, some companies assume differentiation and diffusion of launching strategy in order to sustain its product and regain its mature stage. The example can be taken from McDonalds India. Its product for non-vegetarian though gained ample success in the origination but soon, customers fed up with it. McDonalds India assumed differentiation strategy and attracted customers through introducing vegetarian burgers and deals.Diffusion of innovation strategyDiffusion of innovation is one of the effective strategies that can regenerate lost position of a product. Through promulgating product marketing its innovative features, organization can easily cope w ith decline stage of PLC. thither are several examples which can be quoted for proving the authenticity of this strategyWith the propagation of KFC and PizzaHut, customers transformed their concentration from McDonalds and this thing affected its profitability ratio badly. The management of McDonalds contemplated to regain its position and ultimately found diffusion of innovation as the best source to deal with this issue. Finally, they introduced McFlurry which attracted most of their customers back. Hence, this thing not only made it accomplishable for the organization to get its customers back but the profitability ratio also increased simultaneously.Hence, marketing strategy plays a major role in developing and sustaining products or services in local as well as global markets but along with using innovative strategy, the organization should also have potential to assume change management strategy according to the contemporary requirements.

Problem Behavior Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Problem Behavior Syndrome canvasProblem Behavior Syndrome Sandra Schaumleffel Everest University The life course view is that criminality may be best understood as one of many social problems faced by at-risk youth, referred to as problem behavior syndrome (PBS). In this view, crime is one among a group of interrelated antisocial behaviors that cluster to approachher and typically submit family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, smoking, precocious sexuality and early pregnancy, educational underachievement, suicide attempts, sensation seeking, and unemployment. people who suffer from one of these conditions typically exhibit many symptoms of the rest. All varieties of criminal behavior, including violence, theft, and drug offences, may be part of a generalized PBS, indicating that all forms of antisocial behavior have similar developmental patterns. (Siegel, p. 228) I knew a girl whom I was best friends with for almost 10 years. During year 6 of our fri endship, I move out of state. We still kept in contact.As the years went by, we slowly stopped talking. When I in the prospicient run moved back to our hometown, I found out that this friend had turned to drugs, violence, and had a very long criminal record. I wanted nothing to do with that because I was trying to better myself. Unfortunately, she is still campaign down that wrong path, in and out of jail, on various different types of drugs, and even losing custody of her ternary children. This friend of mine possesses many of antisocial behaviors.Some would include substance abuse, early pregnancy, educational underachievement, and unemployment. Im not sure how she got into drugs, but I have tried multiple times to get her into rehab. She objects. When it came time to graduate from high school, her wrong ways and drug abuse prevented her from doing so. With being unemployed, having no education, and ceaselessly on some kind of drug, I see this friend having problem behavior s yndrome. References Criminology The Core, Fourth mutant (Larry J. Siegel)