My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education

Education is not a group of classes containing a series of facts to be utilised on a test and then forgotten. Education is a series of tools that students use every day in the classroom and in the real world. The English language is the primary language of the United States and people use it to communicate throughout the world. Yet, many students have difficulty using the language appropriately. As an educator, I would like to make a difference and help students spare better and use proper grammar and punctuation. All students are capable of learning and learning just about language does not mean students simply learn a series of rules. Using the language is the key to understanding it.Like many teachers, I prefer an eclectic approach. I see rows and columns of seats, filled with students. The rows would be changed into pocket-size circles for group work, which would be a part of my approach to teaching. Signs on the wall address the rules for the classroom and the consequences for those that break the rules. I would use a combination of essentialism and progressivism in the classroom, as defined by Teachers, Schools, and Society, written by Myra Pollack Sadker and David Miller Sadker. Lectures, textbooks, and written assignments would be part of my teaching style. Certain subjects lend themselves to progressive assignments, simply English should be taught so that students learn the rules of the language and how to apply them. This would be essentialism in action.Writing is undervalued in many English classes. Instead of writing a report about a short story, students could write a short research paper on a topic that interests them.By using proper grammar, they would be learning to use the rules of the language and rifle stronger writers. A... ...y during the summer of 2014 and I observed in Education 210 and 305 during the fall of 2014, so not much has changed about my methods or my expectations. I still believe an eclectic approach is best in the clas sroom because different students require different approaches to material. A wonderful reflection I did gain during my experiences teaching lessons was the light bulb flicking on in students minds when they understand material and the joy of experiencing this. My observations affirmed my decision to go back to college and become a teacher and I sawmodels of instruction put into practice by my supervising teachers. It is good reinforcement when students can experience what books teach in a real classroom. My philosophy may yet change and evolve and if so, that is good. A philosophy that does not change means the person who wrote it has not experienced growth.

Physician Assisted Suicide in America Essay -- Euthanasia Essays

Anyone suffering from a terminal illness or has watched a family member or next friend suffer, probably believes in the Death with Dignity suffice. According to the state of Oregon, (Oregon Death with Dignity Act Records & Reports) on October 27, 1997 Oregon enacted the Death with Dignity Act which allows terminally-ill Oregonians to end their lives through voluntary self-administration of lethal medications, expressly prescribed by a physician for that purpose. The Oregon Death with Dignity Act requires the Oregon department of Human portions to collect information about the affected roles and physicians who participate in the Act, and publish an annual statistical report. The fear and uncertainty of what happens after death willing usually weigh heavily on a patients decision to terminate his or her life. It is a choice that should be left to the patient however, if the patient is unable to communicate, the decision left the next of kin or guardian.Some politicians, religiou s fanatics and pro-life activists would argue that physician assisted suicide violates the Hippocratic chap, but most of these people never suffered the pain and indignity of dying slowly. Between 1997 and 2007 at least 292 (Fogarty) people have ended their own life chthonic the Oregon Death with Dignity Act. People have protested the decision of allowing assisted suicide in most states and foreign countries that have considered legalizing it. The Hippocratic Oath states (Oath and Law of Hippocrates) that doctors will not administer or suggest the use of deadly drugs even if a patient asks for them. All doctors must take the adjuration swearing to practice medicine ethically. Doctors that dishonor the oath arent generally punished unless they break the law.The most ... ... one day will, be up to that person. whole kit CitedOregon Death with Dignity Act Records & Reports. , Web. 6 Dec 2010.Fogarty, Collin. Oregons Death With Dignity Law Turns 10. October 24, 2007. Web. 6 Dec 2010 . Oath and Law of Hippocrates. Harvard Classics. 38. P.F. Collier and son, 1910. Web. celestial latitude 6, 2010.Jack Kevorkian. NNBD Profile. Web. 6 Dec 2010. Matthew, Merill. Would Physician-Assisted Suicide Save the Healthcare System Money?, Physician Assisted Suicide Expanding the Debate. 1998. Print. Popik, Jennifer. Terminally Ill Oregon Patients Denied manipulation but Reminded They Can Choose Physician-Assisted Suicie.. PRL News July 2008, 35 24. Print. Why Living Wills/Advance Directives Are an Essential Part of Estate Planning, Journal of Financial Service Professionals. Sep. 2005. Web. December 6, 2010.

Essay examples --

In todays society, one of the most natural sympathetic traits is selfishness. David Foster Wallace incorporated this idea in his commencement speech at Kenyon College in 2005. Wallace aims to persuade his audience that, the most obvious, ubiquitous, important realities atomic number 18 often the ones that are the hardest to see and talk about. Although the intended audience of his speech is the graduates and staff, along with their friends and family, the piece has become quite popular since its delivery. Wallace offers, nothing less than the truth and captivates the listeners with his complete honestly. His personal tone lets the audience feel like they are a part of the conversation, rather than just receiving it. Wallace successfully conveys his message that society is blind to the domain slightly them through the use of logic, humility and emotional appeals. The speech is arranged into short paragraphs, providing an example in almost every one. Everyone is familiar with com mencement speeches. They are ordinarily used to congratulate a group of people and tend to be looking towards the future. Instead of congratulating the students at Kenyon College, Wallace challenges them. The essay opens with a metaphor about dickens young fish that do not realize what water is, setting the tone for the rest of the speech. Wallace proceeds to describe how completely oblivious society is to the world around us, just like the fish. Wallace supports this claim through examples within the speech. His use of examples rather than facts or statistics weakens his claim. If much facts or statistics were used his claim would become more convincing. His rationalization come in the form of the short stories that illustrate the choices people make in their everyday lives. He... ...ow the audience to visualize the event and becomes more relatable. Listeners are able to emotionally identify with the situation and reflect in order to give other the benefit of the doubt. The spe ech could be improved with more facts or statistics. Wallace uses rhetorical devices to create his argument, which could be seen as ironic due to his death. He attempted to influence others but struggled with an everyday battle that he could not all overcome. His advance to life is understood, but maintaining that approach proves to be difficult. Through the use of dramatization and figurative language, Wallace is able to appeal the audience and leave them with the idea that, It is about naive awarenessawareness of what is so real and essential, so hidden in plain sight all around us, that we have to keep reminding ourselves, over and over This is water, this is water.

Maxwell the Hero in Freak The Mighty Essay example -- Rodman Philbrick

In to sidereal days society in that respect are lots of people that count that dumb people can not accomplish anything in there whole life. From the book Freak the Mighty this point is proven wrong. Max and Kevin, are the two most important characters in Freak the Mighty, they can two be described as dynamic characters. Each of them goes through major changes that are revealed through their actions, and by what the author says about them. maxwell embodies the archetype of the whizzs journey. I will discuss this issue using the fact that he has a birth, a calling/journey, and a return.Maxwell has a birth from the archetype of the hero?s journey. Maxwell was born in Chivalry, Montana where his parents lived. At the age of four he saw his dad murder his mom and run away. From that day on, Maxwell lived with his grandparents. His grandparents always hated him and he was never loved since they saw him as the murderer?s son. So, Maxwell grew up alone and he lived in the basem ent of his grandparent?s home. His dad?s name was Killer Kane and he was told by everyone that both of his parents were dead. Although Maxwell lived with his grandparents he had no knowledge at all, he was very dumb, had no knowledge about anything, and he was really huge. Since everyone heard about his father Killer Kane, when Maxwell went to his school everyone thought he was taut just like his father but in reality he wouldn?t hurt a fly. Maxwell was also frequently sent to the principles moorage for not listening to the teacher when she was talking and for never paying attention. Maxwell has a calling/journey from the archetype of the hero?s journey. His calling was when he saw Freak all ways doing his work and never paying attention to anyone else accep... ...er saving his own and Iggy Lee?s life, Killer Kane was arrested.Maxwell has a return from the archetype of the hero?s journey. Maxwell returns by saving Iggy Lee?s life and his own. Maxwell gets all his love from his grandparents, because now they believe that he is not like his dad (Killer Kane). When Maxwell returns, his best friend was about to die, because his organs were getting to big for his body, but while he was dieing he gives Maxwell a empty book saying, ?Max please write all the adventures and everything we have done together, this will make me feel better?. So, Maxwell is a hero by doing many things for many people. He saved a person that got him kidnapped (Iggy Lee), he saved his best friend from many strangers (Kevin), and he achieved something in his life. So, from all the things he has done, I believe that Maxwell is a true hero.

The Relevance Today of A Jury of Her Peers Essay -- A Jury of Her Peer

In "A Jury of Her Peers," Susan Glaspell illustrates many social standards women experienced at the turn of the century. She allows the reader to see how a womans life was completely govern by social laws, and thus by her husband. Glaspell also reveals the ignorance of the men in the story, in particular the sheriff and the county attorney. I think some examples are rather extreme, still in Glaspells day, they would have probably been common. Women did not have many rights at the turn of the century. What few rights and freedoms they did have were dominated by social standards. They were expected to append to their husbands wishes and commands. I think their society oppressed them more often than their own husbands did. A good example of this in "A Jury of Her Peers" is Martha Hale. Lewis Hale treats his wife as an equal privately, but does not treat her as an equal in public. When Mrs. Hale attempts to interrupt her husband as he tells the county attorney what he experienced in the Wright household she does not treat him as a master, but as an equal (Glaspell 260). Clearly she is not afraid of him. Many women at this time would have never even attempted to distract or interrupt their husband while they talked. Clearly defined gender roles are normal throughout "A Jury of Her Peers." Men are supposed to work outside of the home, and women are supposed to work inside the home. Neither the men nor the women front to appreciate the others wo...

The Relevance Today of A Jury of Her Peers Essay -- A Jury of Her Peer

In "A Jury of Her Peers," Susan Glaspell illustrates many social standards women experienced at the turn of the century. She allows the reader to see how a womans life was completely govern by social laws, and thus by her husband. Glaspell also reveals the ignorance of the men in the story, in particular the sheriff and the county attorney. I think some examples are rather extreme, only if in Glaspells day, they would have probably been common. Women did not have many rights at the turn of the century. What few rights and freedoms they did have were dominated by social standards. They were expected to provide to their husbands wishes and commands. I think their society oppressed them more often than their own husbands did. A good example of this in "A Jury of Her Peers" is Martha Hale. Lewis Hale treats his married woman as an equal privately, but does not treat her as an equal in public. When Mrs. Hale attempts to interrupt her husband as he tells the county attor ney what he experienced in the Wright household she does not treat him as a master, but as an equal (Glaspell 260). Clearly she is not afraid of him. Many women at this time would have never even attempted to distract or interrupt their husband while they talked. Clearly defined gender roles are habitual throughout "A Jury of Her Peers." Men are supposed to work outside of the home, and women are supposed to work inside the home. Neither the men nor the women see to appreciate the others wo...

“Lines Written in Early Spring,” by William Wordsworth Essay

Lines Written in Early Spring, by William Wordsworth, sets the tone within the title. The thought of early spring brings pertly life and capital of New Hampshire to the mind of the reader. A vision of Wordsworth sitting in a open field, observing the flowers develop and bunnies hopping around comes to the readers mind. He heard a thousand blended nones of birds singing and the world blooming around him, thoughts of Bambi atomic number 18 brought to mind. Spring, for me, creates a feeling of joy, and I think it is the best of the four seasons. A new start for all life to live as one and get along.The next two lines could be quite confusing after the first reading. A sweet mood causes his pleasant thoughts/ to bring sad thoughts to mind. At first, I wondered how a sweet mood and pleasant thoughts could possibly bring sad thoughts, further when I thought about it, I realized that sometimes when youre at your happiest moment, sad memories and ponderings come to mind. Wordsworth con tinues explaining that his soul was linked to Nature and her works by means of the wonder of spring. The image of the hu gentleman soul running through him brings an apparent depth to the poem, turning the theme from spring to a more intimate purview of man. And much it grieved my heart to think/ what man has made of man. The lines question a topic that most people will never fathom in their lifetimes. He describes his grieving over the topic of mans world.To grieve, as defined by Dictionary.com, means to be in pain of mind on line of an crime. This definition describes exactly how Wordsworth feels about the evil that mankind has made of his world.Lines 9 and 10 continue to depict the setting that the poet is contemplating. As the spring setting returns to mind, Wordsworth reflects on how the flower appreciates the air it breaths and the birds hop and play with pleasure. The pictures show the simplicity of Nature and her animals, merely also the joy they display. He spoke of a thrill of pleasure, which not only uses the flow of the word pleasure to illustrate the purity and joy of nature, but the thrill of affects the reader to think not of simple joy, but of the tutelage and the unadulterated enjoyment of this pleasure. His longing for this type of passion and thrill connects himself to nature by paradoxicallydisplaying the difference between man and nature.The detail with which Wordsworth writes about budding twigs spreading out to catch the air creates an aura of lust for the appreciation of the simple things in life. Leonard Skynard wrote a song called Simple Man which asks for a man to keep his life simple and realize that he is merely an object of God and he must remember to appreciate everything. The song and the poem are close in connection, with the same major theme of appreciation of the simple things. Wordsworth believes that this pleasure is sent from heaven and is part of Natures holy plan. He realizes that God is behind all things, large an d small and man so often forgets to recognize the value of the air he breathes in and then flowers he picks. Speaking of Natures holy plan, I think he trust that Nature and God are one and their plans for man are the same, but they will only work if man realizes the right path to follow.The last two lines leave us with the question Have I not apprehension to lament/ what man has made of man? Wordsworth wants his reader to realize that we should all grieve for the sorrow that we cause ourselves. Man has made himself what he is today, a busy, selfish, evil person, an outcome for which we should grieve. The question leaves the reader to ponder the meaning of life and all the deep questions that are buried deep within the human soul, the questions unanswerable by words, yet only through actions.

International Police cooperation Essay

The international abuse scene recently went agog with the arrest of one James Onanefe Ibori in Dubai. The incident may have been just another routine arrest, except that it was make by the Interpol (international police agency), and the individual in question was a Nigerian. Mr. James Ibori, wealthy pol and general anatomyer governor of the oil rich Delta state of Nigeria was apprehended in Dubai where he was attempting to evade arrest from his home rural area Nigeria.The Economic and Financial Crimes focal point (EFCC) in Nigeria had declared him wanted in connection with the embezzlement of $290 million dollars during his tenure as governor. Incidentally, the London Metropolitan police had also been hot on his trails for international money laundering. In one of the classic cases of International police cooperation, Mr. Iboris detention and eventual trial gives impetus to the global fight against crime. The humankind has become a global village. And just as we have witnessed dramatic advancement in technology, we have also had commensurate progress in crime and criminality.The scope of crime, whether financial or non financial, transcends borders, culture and creed. And as such any nation attempting to fight crime alone has failed long before it has begun. This is why Ameri cigaret president Obama is rallying the entire world to join hands with him in the battle against terrorism. Even the most technologically advanced nation seems helpless when trying to fight crime on its own. In the case mentioned above, three countries are affected by cross border financial crime.In Nigeria, dealing with a man as powerful as Ibori might prove daunting. With his immense wealth and political connections, he has repeatedly evaded the law. Very recently in Nigeria, he had a 170 count corruption charge thrown out of court for insufficient evidence When declared wanted again, he escaped the country surreptitiously. However, with hard evidence be offered by the London M etropolitan Police, including the freezing of Mr. Iboris assets to the tune of $35 million dollars in 2007, vital progress is being made.It should also be noted, that where the Nigerian anti corruption agency, and the London Metropolitan polices reach proved limited, the Dubai Interpol stepped in and made International policing one efficient, seamless exercise. Of wrangle the drama is still far from finished, as Ibori has assembled a team of lawyers to fight against his extradition to the United Kingdom to face money laundering charges. What is however some form of consolation is the fact that collaboration in international policing is not only working, but seems to be yielding dividend.There however remain some white-haired areas that need to be sorted out as we move to achieve a better and more secure world. First, our international borders need to be made more secure, with the relevant security information disseminated expeditiously. How was Ibori able to escape to Dubai? Secon dly, the international criminal code needs to be harmonized so that issues of jurisdiction can be worked out. Finally, there is the need for more active involvement by political leaders in the fight against international crime.

Transcoding Jpeg

Melvin Berena BTC640 February 1, 2012 Abstract There is a trans label scheme that proposed to compresses existing JPEG files without losing the quality. It does it by utilize the H. 264-like block-adaptive intra prospicience to use inter-block relationship of quantized DCT coefficients that ar stored in the JPEG file. This prediction is performed in spatial bowl of each block composed of 8? 8 pels, but the corresponding prediction residuals are calculated in DCT domain to ensure lossless reconstruction of the original coef? cients. Block-based classification is carried out to allow accurate modeling of PDFs.A multi-symbol arithmetic coder and the PDF model is used for entropy coding to predicting residual of each DCT coefficient located in the in JPEG files. For monochrome JPEG images end result usually shows the reduction of coding rates about 18 28 %. Transcoding Scheme Scheme is a digital-to-digital data conversion method of converting to another type/format, like movie or au dio files. This is frequently through when a especial(a) target device does not support the file format or has limited storage capacity that requires a reduced file size.This is also done to convert incompatible or out dated data to a better and modern format. One good advantage of transcoding is to reduce storage cost. Example, Cineon and DPX are widely used as a standard movie format but it cost a lot of space (2hour movie = about 8 terabytes). It would be demand more storage and processing power to handle this this kind of file format. However, transcoding into a JPEG2000 lossless format has better compression motion than other lossless coding technologies. The Challenge The number one challenge I faced was when I approached this academic paper review and read the abstract.I did not understand a lot of information printed in this paper but as I kept reading the whole article I started getting a basic idea of what the paper is talking about. I took me a lot of time to just read the Abstract as I was using the search engine (Google) to understand every other word. The second problem I faced was when I approached the Spatial Domain, I still dont completely understand that concept but I get the basic understanding how the object ends up with the blurriness effect as the object enters a repetitive intensity variation. ReferencesAcademic Paper review http//zenit. senecac. on. ca/wiki/imgs/Lossless_re-enconfig_of_jpeg_images. pdf Websites http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/JPEGBlock_splitting http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transcoding http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Point_spread_function http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform http//www. eurasip. org/Proceedings/Eusipco/Eusipco2011/papers/1569428105. pdf (Coding rates) http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Entropy_encoding http//research. microsoft. com/en-us/people/fengwu/screen_icme_06. pdf (Block-based Classification)

Historical Overview of South Africa’s Industrial Relations

1. INRODUCTION sec Africa reflects a diverse country, rich in history and encourages ubuntu. This philosophy encompasses the spirit of community which summarises the extent to which every whiz is connected to one another. withal controversial issues were prevalent during South Africas industrial transaction history. Issues which stood out were Apartheid which segregated the South African society by race and class, as well as political and travail conflict were also highly controversial issues during the past. South Africas industrial relations history and workers rights is complex.Therefore it is necessary to scan South Africas industrial relations in terms of an industrial evolution and economic overview in order to fully grasp it effectively. As apprehensiveness South Africas industrial diachronic significance is crucial as it ultimately shaped the undertaking laws which currently exist. This essay will investigate the historical overview of South Africas industrial relatio ns highlighting the most significant dismantlets which occurred within South Africas industrial history, in special(a), the hey-day of the Apartheid era (1949-1973).The focus on this particular period will demonstrate the significance and impact it had on ram formula and the industrial relations system in South Africa at that time. The National Party (NP), a new party within the South African presidential term in 1948, institutionalised Apartheid as a central table of South African judicature polity(Van Den Bergh& van Niekerk, 200955). hitherto in the same year the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was formed by the coupled Nations General Assembly.Even though South Africa was a United Nations member they continued to pursue their newly institutionalised authorities policy, Apartheid. The international community do efforts to have a bun in the oven the South African government to adhere to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights but their efforts were ignored. Duri ng the Apartheid era the National Party used its repressive edict to legitimately hold racial segregation. This was an attempt to protect the minority which existed in South Africa, white South Africans. Government had to visualise ship canal to handle the conflict.Hence the use of labour laws as check up ons mechanisms by government. 2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA There were key events which occurred during the hey-day of the Apartheid era (1949-1973) which were highly significant. Labour laws, a popular control mechanism during Apartheid were heavily influenced by the events which took place during this period. These key events include the following 2. 1 BOTHA COMMISSION OF 1953 Soon after the National Party came into power, the Botha direction was introduced.The conclude of the Botha Commission was to investigate existing labour legislation at that time. The Commission was introduced with the intension that it would outline the establishment of Apartheid in the working environment and continue the downsizing of bootleg people (van den Bergh& van Niekerk, 200964). 2. 1. 1 The significance the Botha Commission of 1953 The Botha Commission was a significant as it purely focused on labour relations matters in South Africa at that time. This was crucial as South Africa was experiencing harsh economic conditions.During the early days of Apartheid in that location was gener either in ally dissatisfaction among South Africans of all races. This was principally due to the fact that jobs were scarce, and there was a high influx of black people in urban areas which caused unrest in the townships (Bendix, 201068). Therefore the Commission argued that if black people were able to have party representation it would ultimately lead to equality amongst races within South Africa. However this went completely against what the government believed. If government followed through with what the commission recommended it would be puttin g the white superiority at risk. . 1. 2 The impact the Botha Commission had on labour legislation in South Africa The government ignored the Botha Commissions testimonys which included freedom of association and trade union rights. Therefore government passed two labour legislations to give effect to the Botha Commission. Firstly, to reinforce the governments Apartheid policy the Industrial Conciliation Act was passed. The Act was the final part to the governments racially exclusive industrial system. The Act established racial divisions amongst workers which meant that there could not be trade unions which represented a variety of races.In addition trade unions with a variety of races had to divide their members by race then put them in different trade unions according to their race. Furthermore certain work was reserved exclusively for workers of a particular race. This was known as job reservation. This meant labour market was macrocosm manipulated in such as a way that advanc ed white people in order to maintain their supremacy. Secondly, government went against the recommendation that call forthd that black workers should be allowed regulation of rights. Government believed that this would encourage black trade unions.Therefore they implemented the Native Labour of disputes Act no(prenominal) 48 of 1953. by and by the Act was name changed to the Bantu Labour of Disputes Act. This Act ultimately induceed at prohibiting strike action by black workers. It repealed the War Measure 145 which criminalise black workers from taking part in strike action. In this way black workers had no way to resist the demands laid down by employers. 2. 1. 2 The consumption players to the labour blood and their respective roles The specific role players who played a part in the Botha Commission included the following 2. 1. 2. 1 The invokeThe soil is referred to as a self-governing political entity. In this causa the South African State consisted of the National Party . The State facilitates the employment relationship between employers and employees. The state is also regarded as the employer. In this case the state had to improve the economy as job was scarce. The government had to use the recommendations of the Botha Commission to improve the labour relations situation at that time. The Commissions recommended that if black workers were granted representation of black workers in trade unions equality amongst races would take place.Government did not agree with this. However the Commission recommended separate bargaining councils for black workers, but made it clear that recognition of black trade unions should be under strict conditions. 2. 1. 2. 2 Employers The employers in this case the employers of concern was those who employed black workers. The employers lately had the attitude that if workers obeyed the rule and their demands they would take care of them appropriately. 2. 1. 2. 3 Employees Black workers were the employees of concern dur ing the establishment of the Botha Commission. referable to strict conditions on trade unions and the banning of strikes employees had to obey and abide with what the employers wanted from them. 2. 1. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship The approach used by the role players in the labour relationship determines the way in which the labour relationship takes place. 2. 1. 3. 1 Unitary Approach During the time period of the conception of the Botha Commission trade unions were viewed as trouble makers by government and employers. Therefore trade unions were limited in the way in which they could represent workers.As employers wanted employers to just abide to their demands and employees believed they had no rights they went on with what managers expected. Jobs was also scarce therefore going against employers could of led to their dismissal. Therefore trade unions involvement was seen as unnecessary. 2. 2 SHARPEVILLE MASSACRE 1960 On the 21 March 1960 mass of black pe ople gathered at local police station, without their passes. Passes were compulsory for black people during this time and failure to carrying it was considered illegal. Protesters chanted and challenged neither police to snitch them for nor carrying their passes.The purpose of the protest was to demonstrate against pass laws. The march was coordinated by Pac. The protest was planned to be a non-violent protest that was planned to last tail fin days starting from the 21st of March 1960. However the events on that day led to police firing on the crowd, killing 69 unarmed protesters and injuring hundreds. 2. 2. 1 The significance of Sharpeville Massacre 1960 The event sparked a major turning point in South Africa history. The Sharpeville Massacre as this day is known as standard international coverage and the world was left shocked. There the world condemned the happenings in South Africa at that time.South Africas exclusion from the British Commonwealth 1961 marked the initiatory d iplomatic defeat against the Apartheid government. The government justified their actions by the possibility of black violence that could have sparked. South Africa was later sanctioned. The event was the reason public meetings were proscribed after that dreadful day, the 24th March 1960. On the 8th of April 1960 the ANC and PAC was banned and a State of Emergency was declared. 2. 1. 2 The impact Sharpeville Massacre had on labour legislation in South Africa The Suppression Act passed in the 1950s was replaced by the Internal Security Act No. 4. The act delimit communism as any policie aimed at brings about political, industrial, social and economical change in a union. It was evident that the Act was very broad. In 1960 the flagitious Act No. 24 resulted in the ANC being banned. THE Suppression Act was then as a result of the happenings of the Sharpeville Massacre tightened. The Bantu Regulations Act No. 61 banned black workers from looking for employment in towns. Employers wer e also banned from hiring black workers unless they were employed through the State. 2. 2. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles 2. . 2. 1 State The State in this case was the NP government. The State was responsible for the employer-employee relations. The government continued to further separate black workers. This caused a lot tension as employers were being heavily controlled. 2. 2. 2. 2 Employers The employers had to adhere to the changes made by government. Therefore they had to adapt to the policies and labour legislations this caused tension between the private field and public sector. 2. 2. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship 2. 2. 3. 1 RadicalismConflict could not be resolved during this period by bargaining. Drastic measures were taken by international countries as they tried to stop the Apartheid regime. The Apartheid Government was exploiting the black workers and black people in general. The incidents that took pla ce at Sharpeville were an example of how crimes against humanity were being made. The changes government made regarding who the employers can hire and where employers could work demonstrated the drastic steps taken by the government to keep their power and continue racial segregation. 2. 3 NATAL STRIKES 1973In 1973 bodies were being established which aimed for promotion of black workers interests. However the momentum towards dispention was mainly due to the innate Strikes 1973. During 1973 an estimated 61 000 African and Indian workers in natural took it upon themselves to go on strike. The strike took place in various industries and ultimately the pains was brought to a standstill. The strike began at the Coronation Brick which spread to the textile industry and later other industries as well as the Durban municipality. The strikes were purely coordinated by the workers themselves and not by any formal organisations.The workers were generally unsatisfied with their wages. This was mainly due to the fact that inflation was rapidly increasing at that time. 2. 3. 1 The significance of the Natal strikes 1973 The strikes were significant as it marked the first time workers embarked on such a larger scale strike without the coordination of any formal organisations. Therefore this event demonstrated the actual power the workers possessed as a united force. This power meant that they could apply pressure on government on labour issues, such as employer-employee relations and minimum wages.Once the strikes ended black workers unionised themselves into trade unions. These unions were separate from the trade unions which existed at the time. The trade unions which existed were mainly dominated by white workers. Therefore the newly formed black unions were referred to as case-by-case trade unions. Although the strikes were illegal according to the labour legislation at the time, there were no arrests made. The large number of workers that participated in the strik e action made it intemperate for employers as well as the police to punish them for their illegal strikes. . 3. 2 The impact the Natal strikes had on labour legislation in South Africa Due to the Natal strikes black workers new found power led to them being recognised as a force to be reckoned with. Therefore government responded by passing the Bantu Regulations Act of 1973. The Act was passed to regulate the procedures for establishing labour committees and disputes amongst employers and employees. This was crucial for government as the joint power of the workers put pressure on government and employers to accommodate them.The Act did not foster development of black unionism which was evident as black workers were assembled into committees created by employers and lacked bargaining power. The provisions of the Act excluded black worker in agriculture, gold and mining as well as government services. 2. 3. 2 The role players to the labour relationship and their respective roles The specific role players who played a part in the Natal strikes 1973 were the following 2. 3. 2. 1 Employees Employees are regarded as someone who works for someone else and in exchange receives remuneration.In this case the employees were the employees of Coronation Brick, textile industry and Durban municipality. Their roles consisted of the following * Obedience and abiding decisions made by employer- Even though striking was illegal according to the labour legislation and they could face dismissal. These employees disregarded the law and their employers authority and decisions not to strike. * The assistance in the turnout of products- Strikes put these factories at financial risk as production was brought to a standstill. Without the employees assistance production could not take place. Participate in decision making of the organisation- Employees sought to have an opinion in matters that concerned the organisation. Yet they were refused by employers to have their say. The worker s unexpected strike was the result of workers who made it known to employers and government that they are not satisfied with their wages and that they require an increase. 2. 3. 2. 2 Employers In this case the employers are the owners and management Coronation Brick and the companies that formed part of the textile industry such as Smith and Nephew Textile. Responsibility for the conduction of a prospered organisation- As the factories aimed at making large profits they paid employees low wages. However the cheap labour resulted in short-term profitability. The large companies could not vie internationally as sanctions were put on South Africa and investors pulling out. * Coming up with strategies to deal with the Natal strikes- Various employers reacted in different ways to employees involved in the Natal strikes. These included the following * Threatened dismissal Granted wage increases * Attempted to talk to workers and resolve the matter * Some made no attempts * Ensure growth - The industries were at a standstill which meant no production but there were still expenses. Therefore there was no growth. 2. 3. 2. 3 State The State is referred to as a self-governing political entity. In this case South African State consisted of the NP government. Their role was to regulate the employee-employer relationship as unemployment was high and wage disputes were rife. The government was to keep the economy stable.Yet inflation was increasing at a rapid pace. Government was not using labour legislation to improve the labour relations in the country at the time. Employees were not given increases even though inflation was high which further economically disadvantage black. 2. 3. 3 The approaches used in the employment relationship 2. 3. 3. 1 Radicalism Employers embarked on an unexpected illegal strike. This was a great risk as they could have been arrested. The quite a little which they were faced with led to this dramatic, unexpected decision to go on strike.Black w orkers were being exploited economically as they were paid extremely low wages without increase, even though inflation was rapidly on the high. Before the 1973 strikes attempts were made to solve wage issue. However this was not seen as a great priority to government. 3. ratiocination South Africas industrial relations history most significant period was the Apartheid era. It has and still influences todays labour relations. Hence the importance of being well acquainted with the events which shaped the society we live in today.During the Apartheid era the National Party government used repressive legislation to legally enforce racial segregation. This was an attempt to protect the minority which existed in South Africa, white South Africans. There were key events during Apartheid such as the establishment of the Botha Commission, Sharpeville Massacre and the Natal strikes of 1973. Within the time periods these key events occurred white workers prospered under the rule of the Nation al Party government whereas non-white workers were excluded. The government used the labour force to further racially divide South Africans.Therefore equality amongst the races did not exist which was their aim. However tension escalated within the country. As a result, strike action and protests soon persisted and government had to find ways to handle the conflict. Hence the use of labour laws as controls mechanisms by government. As Apartheid reached its boiling point the economy suffered and the government had to start considering the inevitable, democracy. 4. PERSONAL encyclopaedism REFLECTION Conducting research into South Africa labour history was a great learning experience as a Human Resource Management pupil and employee as well as a South African.Researching the labour history made it abundantly clear that clear that there needs to be soul of the countrys history, in particular the labour history, not for hatred, but to avoid repetition of the imbalances of the Aparthei d era. In contrast with the Apartheid government, the present government has made large strides in creating a country which exudes freedom, equality and non-discrimination. The research conducted not only gave me the opportunity to broaden my knowledge of labour history and improving my researching skills, but it gave me a new appreciation for the countys government, laws and labour legislations.Sometimes it is easy to criticise the government, hitherto no thought is spared for those political figures, leaders and employees that fought for what ultimately exist today, in particular the labour laws which aim at protecting the employee. Focusing on the Apartheid era (1949-1973) I have come to understand that the labour market had fallen target to the Apartheid government, and that we are still experiencing the effects of the Apartheid governments actions. Labour legislations in todays time are aimed at eradicating the imbalances of the past.Therefore as a voltage Human Resource Man ager understanding the realities of what occurred and how it impacted the labour market in the past remains of curial importance. The National Party wanted supremacy yet they did not realise their actions would have major consequences. I view this as an example of how power used for greed and personal gain has tremendous consequences for all parties involved. Therefore as I have learnt these mistakes made in the past demonstrates how it can be used constructively as a point of deferred payment when dealing with labour legislations to avoid the mistakes which were previously made by the Apartheid government.Although we do not face the same repressive laws as in Apartheid we should always aim Researching the past has made it clear that our diversity needs to be embraced, not frowned upon because we need to be united and not divided as we were in the Apartheid era. Although we do not face the same repressive laws as in Apartheid we should always make sure our diversity is represented in our labour laws. Most significantly not being able to understand our past labour history we will not fully understand why they exist.

Americas Obesity Epidemic

Cheyenne Rogers English IV Senior Paper the Statess fleshiness Epidemic Obesity is a chronic direct defined by an excess amount of personify fat. Within eight years in the United States, the incidence of corpulency has nearly doubled. People end-to-end the States ar s number onely being affected by this national problem of obesity. The obesity epidemic is growing through step forward each state in America, but now lawsuits for this epidemic are becoming clearer to individuals. Everyone wants to know a reason for the obesity epidemic, and now answers are appearing. Many reasons for this epidemic are imputable to present day generations, as well as American lifestyles.Fast provender has not only come to dominate the American landscape, it has become the most macroscopical American export around the globe (D experience to Earth). Cheap and convenient food, busy work lives, and social lives, as well as a constant assail from media sources have oer-loaded Americans are all havin g a detrimental effect on peoples mental and physical health (Thompson). Due to busy lifestyles and s haulh throughout America, people have found it easier to go through a drive-thru rather than transmit the time to go kin and make a healthy meal for themselves.Weight gain and obesity are caused by consuming more calories than the body take (Obesity in America). Genetic determinations, such as the way a body expends energy, hormones, which affect the way that calories are processed, and opposite organ systems in the body can all affect appetite (Obesity in America). Obesity is a disease that takes time to retrieve, but people will need to have determination to aline a cure and also the understanding and knowing the cure will not come fast or easy. Thus, due to all these causes of obesity, America is in an epidemic that needs to be solved sooner than later.A big contributor to the obesity epidemic is the influence of the surroundings, such as lifestyles people have created. Within the American environments, what a person eats and how active he or she is, is now considered a lifestyle behavior (Genetic Obesity). Lifestyles contribute to obesity, because not only do families share genes, but they also share their lifestyle habits with in another in each household (Genetic Obesity). In any environment, diets from home are followed and original lifestyles can be carried on throughout life and adds to the ongoing obesity problem.Body functions of humans havent changed over the aside 50-100 years, to date in society there have been an increasing number of people that are obese over the years (Obesity). Obesity over the past 30 years is most likely due to the recent environmental changes (Brehm). The environmental changes caused the obesity judge to increase over the years instead of decrease. The environment needs to change in a positive way in order for people to live in a healthy society. The media is pressuring people into enlarged eating habits and gassy lifestyles.Peoples exposure to fast food ads have increased compared to 2003 ( trenchant compendium). McDonalds web-based marketing starts with nestlingren as young as two years old using Ronald. com (Effective Summary). Exposure to fast food restaurants and ads for these restaurants at such a young age is a major contributor to obesity. Kids are being told at a young age that it is okay to eat tear apart food not being told that it is unhealthy for them. Advanced technology is also a factor in media expanding their products.Nine restaurant Facebook pages had more than one million fans as of July 2010, and Starbucks boasted more than 11. 3 million fans (Effective Summary). Smart phone apps were available for eight fast food chains, providing another opportunity to reach out to the young consumers anytime and anywhere (Effective Summary). In occurrence to the new technology, everyone has extra access to ads for all the unhealthy foods. The advanced technology has even gotten to the point where you can order food from your device.The media controls America by constantly pressuring people. The media advertising unhealthy foods it does not help to solve the obesity epidemic, and if this continues the epidemic will not be solved. A big reason for American obesity is because of fast food markers, which tend to be very greedy. Eighty-four percent of parents reported to taking their child to a fast food restaurant at least once in the previous week (Effective Summary). Fast food businesses make it easy for parents to supply food for children at low costs.Parents of the elementary discipline aged children were more likely to order a combo meal or dollar/value menu item for their child than a kids meal for the child (Effective Summary). Each meal is removeting smaller and less filling for children pushing to get a bigger meal, even more unhealthy. In this case not only are parents feeding their children unhealthy foods, but over feeding them as well. Health p roblems are a result of obesity most people do not know about, such as diseases being results in unhealthy eating for a long period of time.Children and adolescents who eat fast food consume more calories, fat, sugar, and sugar sweetened beverages (Effective Summary). Removal of the nutrients from the body causes extra eating of non-nutritional foods, as the body seeks to regulate the actual levels of the nutrients it truly needs. Removing nutrients from the body is neglect towards the body. In order to be a healthy person it is necessary to consume all nutrients needed. A Finnish study showed that for every one kilogram (2. 2 pounds) increase in body system of weights, increases the risk of death from coronary artery disease by one percent (Obesity).Obesity is a risk for chronic disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and some forms of cancer (Genetic Obesity). Continuing to eat junk food is increasing chances of death, which is no joking matter. Most importantly, people should co me to realization how serious and controlling obesity can really be. The effects of obesity are not only being physical fitness, but psychological as well. Losing weight and keeping it off can come more of a challenge to some than it does to others (T. J. Clark). This is caused by physical and psychological challenges.Many people continue to ridicule, mock, and even abuse the obese (The Effect of Obesity). People trying to lose weight are extremely vulnerable and are already currently struggling. Therefore, they need others support, not discouraging attitudes. Obese individuals trying to better themselves need support, especially when others find it necessary to constantly degrade the obese on a daily basis. Obese people may have fewer social and romantic relationships compared to the non-obese (Tree). tending(p) that, low self-esteem is common among the severely obese as it is (The Effect of Obesity).Obesity causes much insecurity that people have a difficult time overcoming. A ma in effect of obesity is people not being pleased with themselves in any way, and no one should feel uncomfortable in their own skin. If the obesity epidemic continues, America will be an unhealthy world to live in, literally. Scientists project that by the year 2015 the number of overweight people in the world will tip to 2. 3 billion with more than 700 million people being obese (Green Life). The predictions have been made and at the rate America is going, these will be the obesity rates in three short years.Since 1995 diabetes rates have doubles in eight states within the United States (F as in Fat How Obesity Threaten Americas Future 2011). Twenty years ago, no state had an obesity rate over 15 percent, but in todays world there are two out of three states have obesity rates that are over 25 percent (F as in Fat How Obesity Threaten Americas Future 2011). Thirty-eight states have high obesity rates, and the rates dont just stop there they keep increasing. Our future as Americans is a fat society. As a citizen, everyone should be concerned in helping to solve the ongoing problem, not only to better ourselves but to better our countryThis problem can be controlled with motivation to work out and exercise, dedication to better themselves, and cooperation to stop the obesity epidemic from growing, to better each individuals body in America. To start, time reduced from watching the television and in other similar sedentary behaviors (A Vision for the Future The Obesity Epidemic). Two of the largest fast food forcers to children have joined the Childrens Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative, CFBAI, pledging to advertise only better for you choices to all children (Effective Summary).Plans to solve this problem are starting to be formed and people just need to react in a productive way and help out. Other ways to help solve the problem are to ensure that schools provide healthful food and beverages on school campuses (A Vision for the Future The Obesity Epide mic). As the President of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, Phillip James, states to change the food environment by requiring the companies label on downlike drinks or fast food so that people are well informed, this is another way of helping reduce obesity (Obesity legal profession Needs pitch in Living Environment).Actions are taking place now, and soon America will have this problem solved with the help of the citizens from all over. Americas obesity epidemic has been an ongoing problem for the past 20 years. There has been questioning on what to do, how to fix the increasing epidemic, and how to react but now, the answers are distinctly coming out. With support from others, obesity will become one step closer to an epidemic being reduced. Given there are a lot obstacle to go through to stay healthy there are a lot of easy ways to do it as well. The media is always a pressure, but just think save a life by not having any health issues throughout life.Avo id the effects of being obese and insecure. And take a step forward and become a part of help our future generations NOT be obese. Now, with the cooperation of fast food companies, you can still get food quickly in the drive through just choose the healthier entree. American citizens created this problem and American citizens will get America a solution as well Works Cited A Vision for the Future The Obesity Epidemic. Vision. Vision. org. , 31 Jul 2008. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Brehm, Bonnie, and David D. Impact of the Enviroment. EndoText. EndoText Inc. , 24 Nov 2010. Web. Mar 2012. . executive Summary . Fast Food f. a. c. t. s.. Rudd Center. Web. 1 Mar 2012. F as in Fat How Obesity Threatens Americas Future 2011. give for Americas Health . 2012 Trust for Americas Health, Jul 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. T. J. Clark. Genetic Obesity . T. J. Clark & Company, 2008. Web. 1 Mar 2012. Green Life. Obesity and the Enviroment . Green Life, 06 Mar 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Obesity . Medicine Net. Me dicineNet, Inc, 2012. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Obesity in America. Down to Earth . Down to Earth ALL VEGETARIAN Organic & Natural, 16 Sep 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment Experts. The Star Online. Star Publications, 16 Jul 2010. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment experts. English News. 2012 Xinhua, english. news. cn. , 16 Jul 2010. Web. 1 Mar 2012. The Effect of Obesity . Tree. com, Inc. , 02 Jun 2010. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Thompson, Dennis . Too Much Work, Food, Media May Be pain sensation Health. News Health . U. S. News & World Report LP, 06 Jun 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Understanding Obesity . Obesity In America . 2012 Copyright Obesity in America, 2004.

Adr – Alternative Dispute Resolution

ADR is an assortment of systems in which conflicts can be resolved without litigation and the courts. Types of alternative dispute resolution are arbitration, mediation, and negotiations. Without the litigation process, alternative methods propose fast and efficient results without the high cost and long litigations (Cheeseman R. Henry). Learning Team Dispute Conflicts, disputes, or disagreements among squad members depart be initially settle and time lag through proper communication and negotiation between team members.ADR will be exclusive for those disputes and problems that can not be resolve in a timely manner and are affecting the team to achieve goals and deliver their projects. Some conflicts are necessary to bring new perspectives and different points of view among a diverse group of people. They enhance positive productivity, responsiveness, and effectiveness in achieving goals. Disagreements that are subject to an alternative dispute clause Violation of conduct code. Lack of participation. negligible communication. Poor performance. Negative attitude toward the team. Late delivery of assignments that can affect the team members. Type of alternating(a) Dispute Resolution for Learning Team This eccentric person of ADR will be used to resolve disagreements among the learning team members during the length of this course, and will be suitable for use by any learning team in any course of the program. Mediation This method involves an attempt by the team members to resolve the dispute with the help of a neutral third fellowship in this case the mediator will be the instructor. The instructors role will be advisory, he or she may offer suggestions only if the resolution will be made by the team members themselves.Mediation proceedings will be confidential and private. The team members will be in check of the outcome for the settlement of the dispute. In mediation, the third neutral party is involved to help facilitate the teams own settlemen t process. They will agree to the procedures and to the individual who will assist in the dispute resolution process (LLL, 2010).Reference Cheeseman R. Henry 2010 Chapter 3 Judicial, Alternative, and Online Dispute Resolution Lectric Law Library. (2010). A Beginners Guide to Alternative Dispute Resolution.

Captivity of Killer Whales

Persuasive speech communication Outline The Effects of Captivity on sea wolf Whales Specific PurposeTo persuade my audition that holding sea wolf titans in captivity is harmful to the mammalian. important IdeaHolding killer whales in captivity is a harmful hassle to the mammal that requires action from both the government and the public. Introduction On February 24, 2010 couples and families were sit down in the stadiums at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida for one of the most popular shows at the home cat valium Believe. Unfortunately, many families participating in that days event were eye-witnesses to an extremely traumatic tragedy at the SeaWorld topic park.It was reported by CNN word of honor that the trainer Dawna Brancheau was grabbed by the mouth of Tilikum, the killer whale, and was thrashed around the cooler until she was dead. It was also reported that the trainer was showing the audience how Tilikum liked his belly to be rubbed. He then took off from the side of the tank, came backwards, and picked her up from around the waist and began to violently shake her. Tourists and visitors were immediately evacuated from the Shamu Stadiums and the show was closed down for the rest of the day.Wild Orcas, also cognize as killer whales, are non typically considered a threat to human creations. In fact, the primary cases of killer whales attacking humans are barely those that concur been held prisoner at various marine theme lay. Having attended marine theme parks, such as, SeaWorld, I sight confirm that animals within the theme park are existence exploited solely for the excogitation of entertainment. Today, Ill show you how holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful conundrum to the mammals and Ill also suggest some ship canal of resolving power this problem. Transition Lets start with addressing the harmful effects that captivity can wealthy person on killer whales. ) Body I. There are twain main problems with keeping killer whal es in captivity. A. Killer whales in captivity are being deprived of necessary items that are causing them to have shorter sprightliness spans. 1. According to underwatertimes. com, killer whales in the wild live on average between 30 and 50 years, while those living in captivity still live around 10 years. a. According to asconline. org, killer whales live shorter lives than those in the wild collectible to a lack of stimulation. . Whales in captivity are non exposed to the same sights and sounds they would normally experience in the wild. c. Whales who are unable to live with opposite sounds of new(prenominal) mammals and are con caudal fined to blue tanks with the sound of raceway pumps, loud music, and cheering crowds will eventually become expressed. 2. Killer whales undergo psychological stress when they are captured. a. When a whale is captured, it is taken from its family and the separation and expiration of bond can set about it extreme mental stress. b.According t o an article written by Stephen Lilley, 75% percent of whales do not survive through the intent separation period when taken captive. 3. According to theorcaproject. com, whales in captivity at marine mammal parks often are receiving poor oral wellness care. a. Just as in humans, poor oral health and gum disease can lead to serious infections, illness, and even death in killer whales. b. Almost half of the whales held in captivity, have broken or fractured odontiasis from biting on steel gates, and are not being properly repaired. c.Whales teeth at marine theme parks eventually become infected or coin out because of poor oral health care and it is believed to be another link to why the whales life span is so practically shorter. (Transition Holding killer whales captive will not tho cause them a shorter life span, only if it can also change their social behaviors as well. ) B. Holding killer whales in captivity can negatively change their social behaviors. 1. According to hsus . org, the stress on the whales in captivity can cause stomach ulcers, and pacing. a. Stomach ulcers are often found in whales in captivity due to the stressful lifestyle. . Whales resort to pacing around the tank in circles to emulate the fast strong feeling of a be adrift normally done in the wild in an attempt to keep their dorsal fin upright. c. Without a strong long distance swim, a whales dorsal fin becomes weakened and will eventually either look bent, kink up to the side, or break off. 2. Self-mutilation is another unordinary behavior that occurs with whales in captivity. a. Whales unbroken at marine mammal parks, have been known to ram their heads into the sides of the tank in align to relieve stress. b.Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to bite along the steel gates that separate the whales in order to military service relieve their stress, however this results in broken teeth and other oral problems. 3. Aggression towards the whales trainers is frequ ently seen with whales held in captivity and can perk up it truly dangerous for trainers to work with them. a. Trainers at SeaWorld have discover aggressive behavior such as biting, grabbing, and forceful nudging from the whales occasionally but are not allowed to speak about it. b. According to an article on moneytimes. om, the whale Tilikum has been responsible for three deaths during his time in captivity. c. The most recent death was of Dawna Brancheau, who had part of her scalp torn off, her arm torn off, and fractures on her back, ribs, legs, arms, face, and spinal cord. (Transition right away that we have discourseed the two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity, lets discuss what we can do to help solve these problems. ) II. Solving the problem of the captivity of killer whales requires action from both the government and the public. A.New laws have to be put in place to make it illegal to take killer whales captive and put them on presentment for the s ole purpose of entertainment for others. 1. New laws would consume to be created to require marine theme parks like SeaWorld and Aquatica to put down the mammals back into the wild . 2. The government would also need to enforce that marine amusement parks be prohibited from using live animals in shows for entertainment, and they would need to encourage the public to become educated about these creatures through other means. a.Once the whales have been released back into their rude(a) habitat, marine theme parks could replace them with very popular and successful robotic-like creatures that could still educate visitors about the animals without subjecting them to a lifetime of captivity. (Transition The government instituting virgin laws is not the nevertheless way we can solve this problem, but also through the verify of the general public. ) B. The public should begin to choose alternative ways to become educated about killer whales, that dont require harming the animals. 1.C hoosing to continue to support marine theme parks such as SeaWorld only encourages these types of places to have more than funding to go and capture more marine animals. 2. Going on a whale watch and seeing them in their natural habitat is an alternative to supporting places like SeaWorld. Conclusion In conclusion, I am urging you to truly realize exactly what these great mammals are being forced to endure before choosing to go visit and support marine amusement parks such as SeaWorld. We as humans cannot ever full imagine what it would feel like to be captured by alien creatures and taken from our normal lives and our families.We cannot ever fully imagine being put on display to perform circus-like tricks for loud audiences and then being forced to drained around all day in confined tanks that would feel about the size of a bathtub to us. As thrilling an experience it may expect to see killer whales in shows or even to peer through the glass as they swim in their tank, the effe cts of captivity on killer whales can be truly devastating. We would serve both ourselves and the whales much more by canvass them in the wild. It is only there that we can catch a glimpse of them in their true glory. Works Cited Couwels, John, and Brian Todd. Orca Kills Trainer at SeaWorld Orlando // Current. Current TV News Video Clips & Current News Articles // Current. 25 Feb. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . Stephern, Lilly. Killer Whale (Orca) cetacean Fact Sheet American Cetacean Society. ACS American Cetacean Society. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . The Hidden Cost Of Captivity- Oral Health of Killer Whales Exposed The Orca Project. The Orca Project. 25 Sept. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010.Captivity of Killer WhalesPersuasive Speech Outline The Effects of Captivity on Killer Whales Specific PurposeTo persuade my audience that holding killer whales in captivity is harmful to the mammal. Central IdeaHolding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammal that requires acti on from both the government and the public. Introduction On February 24, 2010 couples and families were seated in the stadiums at SeaWorld in Orlando, Florida for one of the most popular shows at the theme park Believe. Unfortunately, many families participating in that days event were eye-witnesses to an extremely traumatic tragedy at the SeaWorld theme park.It was reported by CNN news that the trainer Dawna Brancheau was grabbed by the mouth of Tilikum, the killer whale, and was thrashed around the tank until she was dead. It was also reported that the trainer was showing the audience how Tilikum liked his belly to be rubbed. He then took off from the side of the tank, came back, and picked her up from around the waist and began to violently shake her. Tourists and visitors were immediately evacuated from the Shamu Stadiums and the show was closed down for the rest of the day.Wild Orcas, also known as killer whales, are not typically considered a threat to human beings. In fact, t he primary cases of killer whales attacking humans are only those that have been held captive at various marine theme parks. Having attended marine theme parks, such as, SeaWorld, I can confirm that animals within the theme park are being exploited solely for the purpose of entertainment. Today, Ill show you how holding killer whales in captivity is a harmful problem to the mammals and Ill also suggest some ways of solving this problem. Transition Lets start with addressing the harmful effects that captivity can have on killer whales. ) Body I. There are two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity. A. Killer whales in captivity are being deprived of necessary items that are causing them to have shorter life spans. 1. According to underwatertimes. com, killer whales in the wild live on average between 30 and 50 years, while those living in captivity only live around 10 years. a. According to asconline. org, killer whales live shorter lives than those in the wild due to a lack of stimulation. . Whales in captivity are not exposed to the same sights and sounds they would normally experience in the wild. c. Whales who are unable to live with other sounds of other mammals and are confined to blue tanks with the sound of running pumps, loud music, and cheering crowds will eventually become stressed. 2. Killer whales undergo psychological stress when they are captured. a. When a whale is captured, it is taken from its family and the separation and loss of bond can cause it extreme mental stress. b.According to an article written by Stephen Lilley, 75% percent of whales do not survive through the intense separation period when taken captive. 3. According to theorcaproject. com, whales in captivity at marine mammal parks often are receiving poor oral health care. a. Just as in humans, poor oral health and gum disease can lead to serious infections, illness, and even death in killer whales. b. Almost half of the whales held in captivity, have broken or fra ctured teeth from biting on steel gates, and are not being properly repaired. c.Whales teeth at marine theme parks eventually become infected or fall out because of poor oral health care and it is believed to be another link to why the whales life span is so much shorter. (Transition Holding killer whales captive will not only cause them a shorter life span, but it can also change their social behaviors as well. ) B. Holding killer whales in captivity can negatively change their social behaviors. 1. According to hsus. org, the stress on the whales in captivity can cause stomach ulcers, and pacing. a. Stomach ulcers are often found in whales in captivity due to the stressful lifestyle. . Whales resort to pacing around the tank in circles to emulate the fast strong feeling of a swim normally done in the wild in an attempt to keep their dorsal fin upright. c. Without a strong long distance swim, a whales dorsal fin becomes weakened and will eventually either look bent, curve to the sid e, or break off. 2. Self-mutilation is another unordinary behavior that occurs with whales in captivity. a. Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to ram their heads into the sides of the tank in order to relieve stress. b.Whales kept at marine mammal parks, have been known to bite along the steel gates that separate the whales in order to help relieve their stress, however this results in broken teeth and other oral problems. 3. Aggression towards the whales trainers is frequently seen with whales held in captivity and can make it very dangerous for trainers to work with them. a. Trainers at SeaWorld have noticed aggressive behavior such as biting, grabbing, and forceful nudging from the whales occasionally but are not allowed to speak about it. b. According to an article on moneytimes. om, the whale Tilikum has been responsible for three deaths during his time in captivity. c. The most recent death was of Dawna Brancheau, who had part of her scalp torn off, her arm to rn off, and fractures on her back, ribs, legs, arms, face, and spinal cord. (Transition Now that we have discussed the two main problems with keeping killer whales in captivity, lets discuss what we can do to help solve these problems. ) II. Solving the problem of the captivity of killer whales requires action from both the government and the public. A.New laws have to be put in place to make it illegal to take killer whales captive and put them on display for the sole purpose of entertainment for others. 1. New laws would need to be created to require marine theme parks like SeaWorld and Aquatica to release the mammals back into the wild . 2. The government would also need to enforce that marine amusement parks be prohibited from using live animals in shows for entertainment, and they would need to encourage the public to become educated about these creatures through other means. a.Once the whales have been released back into their natural habitat, marine theme parks could replace them with very popular and successful robotic-like creatures that could still educate visitors about the animals without subjecting them to a lifetime of captivity. (Transition The government instituting new laws is not the only way we can solve this problem, but also through the support of the general public. ) B. The public should begin to choose alternative ways to become educated about killer whales, that dont require harming the animals. 1.Choosing to continue to support marine theme parks such as SeaWorld only encourages these types of places to have more funding to go and capture more marine animals. 2. Going on a whale watch and seeing them in their natural habitat is an alternative to supporting places like SeaWorld. Conclusion In conclusion, I am urging you to truly realize exactly what these great mammals are being forced to endure before choosing to go visit and support marine amusement parks such as SeaWorld. We as humans cannot ever fully imagine what it would feel lik e to be captured by strange creatures and taken from our normal lives and our families.We cannot ever fully imagine being put on display to perform circus-like tricks for loud audiences and then being forced to idle around all day in confined tanks that would feel about the size of a bathtub to us. As thrilling an experience it may seem to see killer whales in shows or even to peer through the glass as they swim in their tank, the effects of captivity on killer whales can be truly devastating. We would serve both ourselves and the whales much more by studying them in the wild. It is only there that we can catch a glimpse of them in their true glory. Works Cited Couwels, John, and Brian Todd. Orca Kills Trainer at SeaWorld Orlando // Current. Current TV News Video Clips & Current News Articles // Current. 25 Feb. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . Stephern, Lilly. Killer Whale (Orca) Cetacean Fact Sheet American Cetacean Society. ACS American Cetacean Society. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010. . The Hidden Cost Of Captivity- Oral Health of Killer Whales Exposed The Orca Project. The Orca Project. 25 Sept. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2010.

Johnson Wax

Case Johnson Wax advanced Case analysis settle the problem John Sherman, the crossroad development manager of Johnson & Company, had to take a decision about the rising of produced, a new instant hair conditioner. The issues faced by Johnson Wax are whether to launch Enhance set now, launch it after some(a) modifications or abdicate the product. They demanded a new product with the akin success that Agree, the company first care product but they also wanted to reduce the be of the product development process. Formulate the alternatives 1. Launch Enhance as it is right now 2. Make some modifications to the product or its positioning . Abandon the product Analyze the alternatives Current situation Johnson Wax is self-made in a specific segment of the hair instruct market with his product Agree. So they distinguishable to offer another personal-care product line being Enhanced. This is an instant hair conditioner targeted toward woman 25-45 years emeritus with dry hair and was formulated to appeal to that audience. Market potential The market of the conditioner in which Johnson Wax want to introduce Enhance counts 6 important companies in 1978 Johnsons Agree (15,2%), Wella Balsam (4,7%), Clairol Condition (9,95), Flex (13,4 %), civilise (5,4%), and Sasson.The firm has previously done Blind-Use test, which actually showed that the consumers dont distinguish great differences between antithetic brands of conditioner. Tests have shown that one of the most important dimensions for the customers is the conditioning factor. But during the phase of callback the respondents mentioned most a great deal manageability and conditioning came third. This means that the company should reposition itself. The market is open for new products that focus on manageability.An incentive to launch the product is that Agree would lose less than half a apportion run to Enhance. Product design Enhance was available in two sizes for both regular and extra conditioning form ulations. It had one facing for each size and formulation. Enhance was offered in 8 and 16 ounce sizes in either clear or opaque plastic bottles with nozzle tops. Research have shown that sampling is not prospering and a waste of resources. Another way must be used to promote the product. matchless way is advertising on TV or in magazines with the use of a celebrity.The downside of this is, that it could be settle down expensive. Distribution channels The distribution channels that Johnson might and should use are wholesalers and retailers through a organization of manufacturers representatives and factory salesmen. Johnson has created a well established network throughout the years and if they use it to distribute the Enhance product it bequeath reduce transportation cost due to economies of scale. Another benefits will be the decline of costs through the already established knowledge of the manufacturers representatives and factory alesmen. Pricing As suggested in the caterp illar track Estimation, Enhance was offered in 8 and 16 ounces sizes at $1,31 and $1,94 respectively. With these figures the trial ordain of Enhance was estimated at 23%. If we look at the comparison to all tax assessor-tested health and beauty aids products, we stick out give ear that Enhance can be placed in the group between 20-30 %, which indicates a group office of 27,1%. Afterwards the repeat rate was estimated through telephone call back interviews and they came to the conclusion that the repeat rate among buyers in the laboratory was 60%.If we compare that to the all assessor-tested health and beauty aids products, we can pause that Enhance has a high repeat purchase rate. The overall conclusion is that we can set the values at the level suggested in the Trial Estimation because survey have shown that those prices will be accepted by the customers. The steps to the optimal solution 1) Recommend a solution -Abandoning the product is not an option because of the invest ing already made,e. g. product development and Assesor-test. If we would abandon the product, these costs will be sunk costs. Launching the product as it is now is also not a good option. The MDS, as a result of the ASSESSOR test, was not encouraging about Enhances prospects. It is clear that some modifications has to be made. -The optimal solution is to launch Enhance, prone the prospective that they will modify the product and subsequently reposition it. Surveys have shown that sampling is not successful so another way of promotion must be proposed. 2) Plan of action 1. Keep the price at the trial estimations rates, those were very similar to those of the competition( $ 1. 31 and $ 1. 94 for the 8 and 16 ounce sizes. . parcel out the product through the existing distribution channels of the Agree line( distributed nationally and overseas to wholesalers and retailers through a system of manufactures representatives and factory salesmen. 3. An important step to ensure success of t he product is that we make some modifications to the product. The ASSESSOR results in the product acceptance indicates that those who made a repeat purchase will most probably mention manageability as the thing they liked most about Enhance. The company does not rattling focus on manageability as much as they do on conditioning and cleaning.The sexual relation importance of manageability is merely 23% in comparison to 33% for conditioning. Given the results of the likes and the dislikes of the customer, we can conclude that the company needs to focus more on the manageability of Enhance. Manageability needs to be the primary characteristic, followed by conditioning. 4. Given the switch of primary characteristic, the advertising need to be adjusted and therefrom mainly focussing on the manageability of the product. Advertising needs to focus on the fact that Enhance leaves hair shiny, lustrous, soft and silky, body and fullness. In a nutshell, it makes hair more manageable.This ca n be accomplished through advertising in magazines and TV. 3) Contingency plan The prediction trial/repeat model estimated the metrical foot shore at 3,9% while the preference model estimates the base share at 3,8%. The Johnson Wax care had set a target market share of 10%. This is about three times as high as the estimations. If we modify the Enhance product we can assume that the market share will increase in the test, hence the adaptations in favor of the likes of the consumer. We will set a base share of 7,5%, which need to be pursuit within two years. If we do not accomplish this objective, we need to abandon the product.

Production of Chalks out of Seashells

Background of the StudyMore people utilise to collect ocean c every last(predicate) downs for fun and for prehistoric time. They make deco balancens, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But off from those things, seashell lay outation also made into a much mapful thing. We argon aw atomic number 18 that education is the al more or less powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some(prenominal) facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer. Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, economise still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a overcome facility matters. We already have whiteboards that barely need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the research worker will conduct this charter to find out if seashells eject be utilize in do a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all mercantileized or local anaesthetic products price is continuously increasing. And this is a great(p) aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools dont have enough support from brass and this thing brings difficulties for students. General ObjectiveThis study generally aims to find out if seashells can be utilize in making chalk. Specific Objective1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance divagation between our product, chalk from sea shells and the star commercial virtuoso.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the Study This study opens some other way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common business of spending much in. And it als o helps us to crystallize money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we mentation to be useless, transformed into a much expedient and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the Study This study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the appraisal of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one. The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were moderate to 3 tests only.Definition of Terms Seashells- the shell of shipboard soldier brute and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava also called manioca, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an one-year crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major showtime of carbohydrates. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common put up for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a test, that was created by a sea creature, a ocean organism. The shell is part of the carcass of a devil dog animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to basal theshells of a wide sorting of marine animals from different phyla. For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly put in in shore drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often wash drawinged up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft move having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. unfilled seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study.However, the volume of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade. This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and gritstone dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worm s in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, mortar and pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will collect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powderize and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. crystallize the liquid from its counterweight, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of wet at the right ratio of the quantity ofthe mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it downstairs the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used.Production of Chalks out of SeashellsBackground of the StudyMore people used to collect seashells for fun and for past time. They made decorations, jewelries and even accessories for a doll out of it. But aside from those things, seashell can also made into a much useful thing. We are aware that education is the most powerful key for us to succeed. And to support this, we need some facilities and materials for us to make it easier and clearer.Of course, there is already some modernized equipment, but still, for those hopeless countries and people who also want to be sent in school, even a worst facility matters. We already have whiteboards that just need markers and projectors as the most modernized. But still, the origin of those is just a simple blackboard and a piece of chalk. So the researcher will conduct this study to find out if seashells can be used in making a durable chalk.Statement of the ProblemAlmost all commercialized or local products price is continuously increasing. And this is a big aspect to be considered in schooling. Some of the schools dont have enough support from government and this thing brings difficulties for students.General ObjectiveThis study primarily aims to find out if seashells can be used in making chalk.Specific Objective 1. To determine if seashells are effectiveness of seashells in chalk making. Hypotheses1. There is significance difference between our product, chalk from sea shells and the leading commercial one.2. There is significance difference between experimental chalk from sea shells and commercial one in terms of quality and durability.Significance of the StudyThis study opens another way for people to be able to save and make chalks that is much durable and long-lasting use that will take part in this study. The study was conducted as a remedy for the common problem of spending much in. And it also helps us to gain money when you make this as your business affair. We can also make some raw materials that we thought to be useless, transformed into a much useful and more powered thing.Scope and Delimitations of the StudyThis study is focused on designing and producing alternative chalks. It also deals with the assessment of its actual advantages as compared to some commercialized one.The qualities and quantities data obtained in the testing of the product against the control were limited to 3 tests only.Definition of TermsSeashells- the shell of marine animal and especially a mollusk. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary)Cassava also called manioc, yucca, balinghoy, mogo, mandioca, kamoteng kahoy, tapioca-root (predominantly in India) and manioc root, a woody shrub of the Euphorbiaceae (spurge) family native to South America, is extensively cultivated as an annual crop in tropical and subtropical regions for its edible starchy tuberous root, a major source of carbohydrates. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassava)Chalk- is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalk)Review of Related LiteratureA seashell is the common na me for a hard, protective outer layer, a shell, or in some cases a test, that was created by a sea creature, a marine organism. The shell is part of the body of a marine animal, in most cases the exoskeleton, usually that of an animal without a backbone, an invertebrate. The word seashell is often used to refer only to the shells of marine mollusks, i.e. mollusk shells, but it can also be used to mean theshells of a wide variety of marine animals from different phyla.For helpful introductory articles, see marine invertebrates and marine biology. Seashells are commonly found in beach drift, natural detritus deposited along strand lines on beaches by the waves and the tides. Shells are very often washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal having already died, and the soft parts having rotted away or having been eaten by either predators or scavengers. Empty seashells are often found by beachcombers, and collecting these shells is a harmless hobby or study. However, the majorit y of seashells which are offered for sale commercially have been collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for the commercial trade.This type of exploitation can sometimes have a strong negative impact on the distribution of rarer species, and on local ecosystems. Many other kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons or shells which may, after death, wash up on the beach and may be picked up by beachcombers these include remains from species in other invertebrate phyla, such as the molted shells or exuviae of crabs and lobsters, the shells of barnacles, horseshoe crab shells, sea urchin and sand dollar tests, brachiopod shells, and the shells of marine annelid worms in the family Serpulidae, which create calcareous tubes.Methods and Materials Tools and Materials The tools and materials that will be used in this study are seashells, cassava, mortar and pestle, grater, oven toaster, bowl and cloth.Research DesignGeneral ProcedureFirst, the researcher will c ollect sea shells from the sea shore or left-over shell viands, and cassava. After that, the shells will be pulverized until it becomes fine as powder and set aside in a container. The cassava will be grated and squeezed its juice using cloth. Separate the liquid from its residue, mix the residue of the extracted cassava and the pulverized seashells. Add a small amount of water at the right ratio of the quantity of the mixture. Mold the mixture into different shapes and sizes according to your desire. Place it under the sun and wait until it dries up and is ready to be used.Figure 1 Procedural DesignThe sea shells will be gathered from Baybay in Roxas City.

Business Continuity Plan as a Part of Risk Management

Celem niniejszej pracy jest zaprezentowanie roli i znaczenia Planu Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa w calosciowym procesie zarzadzania ryzykiem w inviolableie oraz przedstawienie przykladowej tresci takiego envisionu.Rozdzial pierwszy zawiera ogolne wprowadzenie do zagadnienia zarzadzania ryzykiem. Przedstawia on definicje ryzyka w sensie, w jakim jest ono rozumiane w niniejszej pracy. Ponadto, znajduje sie w nim opis wielorakich zagroSen, ktore sa zwiazane z funkcjonowaniem przedsiebiorstwa, a takSe inclinationa metod sluSacych do pomiaru ryzyka oraz opis przykladowych postaw, jakie sa przybierane wobec zagroSen. W rozdziale drugim zaprezentowano pojecie Zarzadzania Ciagloscia Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa. Znajduje sie tu charakterystyka ewolucji tego zagadnienia oraz wyjasnienie, dlaczego Plan Ciaglosci FunkcjonowaniaPrzedsiebiorstwa jest dokumentem o ogromnym znaczeniu dla firmy i jej interesariuszy. Ponadto, w rozdziale tym poddano dyskusji pewne szeroko rozpowszec hnione mity dotyczace Zarzadzania Ciagloscia Fukncjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa. Ta czesc pracy konczy sie opisem Analizy Wplywu na Przedsiebiors cardinal jako glownego narzedzia, ktorym posluguje sie opisywany typ zarzadzania. W rozdziale trzecim przedstawiono rezultaty dokonanej przez autorke analizy roSnych Planow Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa i ich szablonow.To studium bylo podstawa do zaprezentowania przykladowej struktury Planu oraz opisu najczesciej spotykanych w nim bledow. Ostatni rozdzial zawiera takSe charakterystyke faz wprowadzania i testowania Planu, ktore sa rownie waSne jak etap jego przygotowania. Wspolczesne przedsiebiorstwa nie moga sobie pozwolic na postawe reaktywna wobec realnych zagroSen, gdyS wydarzenia bedace w stanie zaklocic ich funkcjonowanie sa liczne i moga zaistniec zarowno w wewnetrznym, jak i zawnetrznym srodowisku firmy. Profesjonalnie przygotowany i skrupulatnie 5 aktualniany Plan Ciaglosci Funkcjonowania Przedsiebiorstwa cechuje postawe p roaktywna. Jest nie tylko ogromnie pomocny w przezwycieSaniu trudnosci, ale dla interesariuszy firmy stanowi takSe dowod jej wiarygodnosci. MoSna wiec oczekiwac, Se coraz wiecej przedsiebiorstw bedzie sie staralo zdobyc ten nieoceniony atut. 6 ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is to give birth the role and signifi standce of a dividing line pertinacity Plan (BCP) in the holistic work at of a federations adopt chances of exposure focal point, and to lead a char exploiteristic of exemplary BCP subject fields. The first chapter contains a public introduction into Risk solicitude.It delivers the definition of essay as it is understood in the context of the present thesis. Moreover, thither is a ex speckle of three-fold lay on the lines which atomic number 18 relevant to a recollectrs bodily answer, as whole whatsoever as a list of the adventureiness measurement methods and an account of exemplary em putments towards threats. The second chapter presents the psyche of affair perseveration worry (BCM). It characterizes the evolution of this concept and explains the reasons why the BCP is a memorandum of utmost immensity to the companion and its stakeholders. What is more, trusted wide-spread myths concerning BCM are also disputed there.This p art of the thesis ends with a translation of military ascendancy extend to Analysis as the main tool of concern tenacity concern. The trine chapter provides the results of the authors analysis of miscellaneous furrow tenacity Plans and their templates. That study has been the basis for the presentation of an exemplary structure of a contrast persistence Plan, as well as for the description of the most frequent mistakes which occur in BCPs. The last chapter also contains a characterization of implementation and testing phases which are as significant as the preparation of a job persistency Plan.Modern companies can non afford a reactive stance towards contingent threat s as the risk of exposures which may disrupt their functioning are multiple and come some(prenominal) from the inner and issueer surround. A profession in all(a)y on the watch and carefully updated course persistence Plan characterizes a proactive attitude. Not and does it significantly help to overcome difficulties, but it is also a convincing proof of the firms reli office to all its stakeholders. on that pointfore, it may be judge that more and more companies volition attempt to fetch this invaluable plus. 7 INTRODUCTIONThe present thesis is the result of the authors interest in various aspects of Risk Management, especially in the procedures which are applied by companies in case their functioning is confront with a serious threat. The most effective method used by blood line units is called Business continuity Management (BCM) and focuses on the preparation and implementation of a Business perseverance Plan (BCP). The aim of this thesis is to present the role and significance of a Business Continuity Plan in the holistic work on of a companys Risk Management, and to characterize the contents of an exemplary Plan.The first chapter contains a general introduction into Risk Management and includes, inter alia, a description of multiple threats which are relevant to the companys activity and a list of pretend measurement methods. The second chapter discusses the concept of Business Continuity Management, explains the importance of Business Continuity Plan and characterizes the steps which lead to the development and implementation of this document. In the third chapter, there is a description of the contents which should be included in a Business Continuity Plan.That presentation is based on the authors analysis of various BCPs and their templates. The exemplary materials enclosed in appendices corroborate been provided by Punk, Ziegel & Company, Business Link, London Borough and Wallsal Council. All the translations which are enclosed in th e present thesis lose been made by the author. The references defy been edited in accordance with the traditional Footnote/Endnote System. 8 CHAPTER 1 RISK MANAGEMENT This chapter contains an introduction into the nature and types of assay, as well as a description of the methods by which stake is assessed and managed.All these issues are inseparably connected with the concept of Business Continuity Plan, which aims at fashioning provisions for the whole spectrum of present and future threats that may put a companys good activity into danger. When a company decides to prepare and implement such a conception, it has to carry out a mazy and blameless analysis of all the factors which may influence its operation, so that pull down the least expected dangers are taken into consideration. The first phase of drafting a BCP requires the recognition of existing and prospective adventures, evaluation of their accomplishable blows and self-assertion of tripicular attitudes t owards them.These vital steps are covered by Risk Management, which helps to organize the findings and solutions in a logical expressive style. The proactive nature and principles of this comprehensive surgical operation will be presented and explained in the side by side(p) chapter. 1. 1. The rendering of Risk Risk and incertitude are inseparable parts of e truly aspect of life. As Jan Mikolaj writes, assay is connected with table serviceman activity, era doubtfulness applies to the environment. 1 When these terms are used in the scientific context, they must(prenominal) be precisely define.Some of the authors of frugal and fiscal literature do not stress the exit between them. For example, Allan Willet res publicas that risk is fair game uncertainty of the event of an undesirable casing. 2 In his opinion, risk flip-flops in accordance with uncertainty, not with probability level. 3 Similarly, Joseph Sinkey defines risk as uncertainty connected with any(prenomin al) occurrence or profit 1 2 Jan Mikolaj, Risk Management, (RVS FSI ZU, Zilina 2001), p. 17. Allan Willet, The Economic Theory of Risk Insurance, (Philadelphia 1951), p. . 9 in the future. 4 discourteous Reilly remembers that risk is the uncertainty that the investment may not bring the expected return. 5 However, the prevailing trend in modern passkey literature is to differentiate between them. gibe to the Dictionary of Economic and Financial Terminology by Bernard and Colli, risk is the probability of incurring injuryes by a crinkle unit as a sequel of making a certain economic decision by this unit. The probability results from the uncertainty of the future. 6 The same source states further that the concept of uncertainty is used in the accompaniment when calculus of probability cannot be applied, whereas the term risk concerns recurrent take downts which accident of occurrence can be calculated using the calculus of hazard. 7 Similar classification is introduced by Frank Knight. In his opinion, risk is a measured uncertainty,8 while immeasurable uncertainty9 is uncertainty sense stricto. According to Irving Pfeffer, risk is the combination of hazard and is measurable by probability mathematics, whereas uncertainty is measured by the level of confidence.Risk is a state of the world while uncertainty is a state of mind. 10 To summarize, risk means a condition in which there exists a possibility of going away from an outcome that is expected or hoped for. 11 Risk can be expressed as a probability, ranging from 0 to 100 percent. 12 What is important, although not often mentioned in professional literature, there is not completely(prenominal)(prenominal) the negative aspect of risk, but also the positive one. Thus, it is a possibility of loss as well as gain. 3 4 ib.mm Joseph Sinkey, Commercial Bank Financial Management, (New York Macmillan Publishing Co. 1992), p. 391. 5 Frank Reilly, Investments, The Dryden Press, (London Intenational Ed ition, Collins, 1988), p. 463 6 Bernard and Colli, Slownik ekonomiczny i finansowy, (Wydawnictwo KsiaSnica, 1995), p. 156. 7 ibidemm , p. 157. 8 Frank Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, (Boston University of Boston Press, 1921), p. 233. 9 ibid. 10 Irving Pfeffer, Insurance and Economic Theory, (Illinois Irvin Inc. Homewood, 1956), p. 42. 11 Reto Gallati, Risk Management and not bad(p) Adequacy, (New York Mc Graw Hill, 2003), p. 7. 12 ibid. , p. 8. 10 1. 2. Risk in Business ActivityThe volume and diversity of risk obviously depend on a companys type and branch of economy, but risk as such is a phenomenon which accompanies in its versatile attains any kind and field of business activity. It may come from the external environment of a company as well as from the internal one. For some entrepreneurs, risk is a obligatory evil, whereas for others it is an additional motivation, if not the main one. Whatever the point of view is, if a given business activity is to succeed, it is e ssential to recognize what are the kinds of practical risk, asses their possible impact and acknowledge ways of reacting towards them.such(prenominal) identification will considerably help in developing a suitable attitude, which allows minimizing a electromotive force loss and increase a gain. 1. 2. 1. Types of Risk Types of risk which threaten a companys activity are complex and numerous. Classifications of risk provided by professional literature differ with regard to the assumed criteria. The following comprehensive miscellany is based mainly on the division presented in the book Risk Management in acclivitous Markets.How to Survive and Prosper by Carl Olsson13 business risk (also called strategic risk) concerns potential results of inappropriate strategies, inadequate apportioning of resources and swops in economic or competitive environment commercialise risk is associated with potential results of changes in market prices. It can be divided into interest rate risk , foreign exchange risk, commodity price risk, Carl Olsson, Risk Management in Emerging Markets. How to Survive and Prosper, (London, Pearson Education United, 2002), pp. 35-36. 13 11 sells price risk acknowledgment risk means that a debtor may not pay in due date industry risk regards operating in a finicky industry liquidity risk applies to unfitness to pay debts because of the lack of available funds usable risk means potential results of actions by people, processes, and al-Qaeda accounting risk concerns a possibility of pecuniary accounts not being in accordance with the realness reputation risk regards the results of changes in a companys reputation country risk is associated with set up which the mother ountrys and foreign countries economic policies may have over the company sovereign risk applies to lending money to the government or a party guaranteed by the government political risk means results of changes in political environment legal/ regulativ e risk is associated with the consequences of non-compliance with legal or regulatory fates environmental/ecological risk applies to the changes in natural environment which affect a company systemic risk concerns small events which may produce much whoppings results than expected technological risk is associated with the consequences of bringing tonic technology products to the market and introducing new IT systems natural risk concerns natural and space disasters. All these risks usually come on simultaneously and their effects are synergic. Therefore, none of them should be ignored when considering the companys situation. After realizing the prodigious number and complex nature of different types of risk involved in all aspects of business activity, a logical step is to try to estimate their potential impact and results. 12 1. 2. 2. Methods of Risk Evaluation An sound judgement of a particular risk, some(prenominal) internally- and externally-driven, allows taking an appro priate attitude towards it.As Andrzej Stanislaw Barczak writes, such a measurement involves both melodic themeive and objective elements. 14 The subjective component consists in assuming a priori particular stipulations of a given evaluation tactic, as well as interpreting obtained results in a specialised way. The objective constituent derives from the unwashed agreement of the business circle on the methods widely applied to the assessment of risk. deuce main types of risk measurement tactics are quantitative risk assessment and qualitative risk assessment. 1. 2. 2. 1. Quantitative Risk Assessment The main conception of quantitative risk assessment is to determine the salute of a given unwelcome occurrence, i. e. o calculate how big the loss would be if an ominous event happened. As it is pointed out in The Security Risk Management Guide, it is important to quantify the real possibility of a risk and how much damage, in monetary terms, the threat may cause in come out to be able to know how much can be spent to protect against the potential consequence of the threat. 15 This method involves evaluation of pluss (determining the overall value of a companys assets, the immediate pecuniary impact of losing the asset and the indirect value of losing the asset) measurement of the Single Loss look toion (SLE), which means the organic amount of revenue that is lost from a single occurrence of the risk. 16 It is calculated by multiplying the asset value by the exposure factor (EF). The 14 Andrzej Stanislaw Barczak, Ryzyko kategoria obiektywna czy subiektywna? , (Poznan WSB, 2000), s. 30. 15 Microsoft, The Security Risk Management Guide, (Microsoft Corporation, 2004), p. 19. 16 ibid. , p. 18. 13 exposure factor represents the percentage of loss that a cognize threat could have on a certain asset. 17 assessment of the Annual Rate of Occurrence (ARO), which is the number of propagation that one can reasonably expect the risk to occur during one year. 18 This step is truly difficult it bases on historic information and previous experiences, and requires consultation with experts. calculation of the Annual Loss Expectancy (ALE), which stands for the good amount of money that an arrangement will lose in one year if vigour is done to excuse the risk. 19 This figure is established by multiplying the SLE and the ARO. valuation of the Cost of Controls (ROSI), i. e. establishing stainless estimates on how much acquiring, testing, deploying, operating, and maintaining each control would cash advance. 20 It is estimated by using the following equation (ALE forward control) (ALE after control) (annual cost of control) = ROSI Although quantitative risk analysis provides surpassly defined goals and results, all of the involved calculations are based on subjective estimates, which may prove inaccurate. Moreover, the whole process can be bulky and costly. 1. 2. 2. 2. Qualitative Risk AssessmentIn opposition to the quantitative me thod, qualitative risk assessment does not assign backbreaking financial values to assets, expected losses, and cost of controls21 but instead, 17 18 ibid. , p. 19. ibid. , p. 19. 19 ibid. , p. 19. 20 ibid. , p. 19. 21 ibid. , p. 20. 14 calculates congress values. 22 It involves dispersal of questionnaires among people in the company who have relevant achievements and knowledge, and workshops. The questionnaires are knowing to discover what assets and controls are already deployed, and the entropy gathered can be truly helpful during the workshops that follow. In the workshops participants nightspot assets and estimate their relative values.Next they try to figure out what threats each asset may be facing, and then they try to create mentally what types of vulnerabilities those threats might exploit in the future. The information security experts and the system administrators typically come up with controls to mitigate the risks for the group to consider and the approximat e cost of each control. Finally, the results are presented to heed for consideration during a cost- wellbeing analysis. 23 This tactic does not require a lot of season and it is not a big outcome for the people involved. What is more, the results of the implemented solutions are riotously visible. However, the estimated figures are often perceived as too vague.These two presented approaches are often used to protrudeher in auberge to obtain the most comprehensive information about a potential threat. Although scientific methods of risk assessment are helpful in estimating the possible impact which particular occurrences may have on the companys activity, it is essential to remember that none of the methods can be perceived as 100% trustworthy and absolutely infallible. However, even if it is impossible to predict all threats and provide for all undesirable events, the significance of risk evaluation tactics combined with human knowledge, experience, imagination and intuition ca nnot be questioned. 1. 3. Risk Management in Business ActivityThe fact that the phenomenon called risk is measurable and its occurrence may be predicted means that it is also possible to take preventive measures and proactive attitude towards it. As Reto Gallati stresses, the term Risk Management is a recent creation, but the actual practice of risk attention is as old as civilization itself. 24 In every(prenominal)day life, people casing risk in a varying stop all the time and they manage it in a natural way so as to minimize un in demand(p) impact and render possible profits. 22 23 ibid. , p. 20. ibid. , p. 20. 15 Certain individuals even enjoy plunging into extraordinarily sober situations in order to check how they will cope in difficult moments.However, Andrew Holmes notices that at the individual level, if a someone takes a risk and fails to manage it properly, the damage is limited to him, and maybe his near relatives,25 while the commission of risk for governments is not as simple. 26 As it was presented in the part 1. 2. 1, the company is a subject to various and multiple threats. Holmes stresses that ultimately, all risks have a financial impact. 27 The complexity of the required actions aimed at coping with the risk means that within the modern corporation, risk management must encapsulate managing strategic, business, operational, and expert risks, rather than those associated with pure finance such as credit, interest rate, and currency risk. 28 Nowadays, Risk Management is not an extra feature added to a companys basic activity, but an essential skill of all modern corporations. 29 All usiness units should realize its great importance, because it is essential not only for their winner but simply survival. According to Holmes, a companys attitude towards the risk depends on its risk sophistication, which can be divided into five stages30 at the lowest level of sophistication (reactive stance), risks are dealt with only when they turn int o live issues or when crisis strikes. There is no effort to recognize and measure possible risks in advance. At a slightly more sophisticated stage, a company understands the importance of risk management and takes the trouble to identify and manage threats more actively. It tends to redek out the best practice and views adverse events in a wide context. At the next level, there are arrangings which acknowledge the need to manage risks throughout the organization and usually develop some form of 24 25 Reto Gallati, Risk Management and Capital Adequacy, (New York McGraw Hill, 2003), p 11. Andrew Holmes, Risk Management (Oxford Capstone Publishing, 2002), p. 2. 26 ibid. 27 ibid. 28 ibid. 29 ibid. 30 ibid. , p. 8. 16 risk management model to ensure soundbox of approach. At the following stage, a company understands the link between risk and reward. It is aware that for every risk there is an associated opportunity which can be exploited. Such a business unit is often a market lea der and is willing to take risks to achieve its strategic objectives. At the ultimate level of risk sophistication, there are organizations which integrate risk management with the goal of enhancing shareholder value. Thus, they shift the responsibility for risk management away from the traditional areas of audit and compliance to everyone within the organization. Of course, the active process of Risk Management requires commitment and focus as it means following a deliberate set of actions which are designed to identify, quantify, manage and then monitor the events or actions that could lead to financial loss. Often, there is too little info about a given risk, and therefore, this kind of management may involve a large degree of judgment and assumptions concerning the future. 1 Yet, all the effort is worthwhile as advantageful organizations tend to be excellent risk managers, not only because they understand the risks they face, but also because of how they manage them. Converse ly, those organizations that are poor at risk management spend no time scanning the risk horizon, instead leaving their futures to fate. This always means shocks, falling market share, takeovers and missed opportunities. 32 As Holmes reflects, risk management is both an art and a science, and being successful depends on how well the two are kept in balance. 33 1. 3. 1. Methods of Risk Management John Holliwell, the managing director of Smith Williamson Consultancy, once said, There is nothing wrong with risk.It is the lifeblood of business and the test of entrepreneurs and managers. What matters is how you handle risk and the culture in 31 32 ibid. ibid. 17 which you operate. 34 A similar thought is expressed by Clifford Tijok, Entrepreneurial behaviour demonstrated in real life entails, i. a. , the ability to enter into calculated risk, so that return-driven opportunities can be pursued and the ability to identify the relevant risks associated with these opportunities and the deci sion on appropriate behaviour to address these risks. 35 When a company decides on its risk management techniques, it usually analyses the following features Table 1. Factors influencing the type of risk management framework required by the organization36ors the type of risk managementframework required by an organizatio FACTORS INFLUENCING RISK MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENT DIMENSIONS TO cypher Strategy risk appetite of owners/risk managers industry geographical coverage aggressive or unprogressive risk taking or risk averse sunrise or sunset industry primary, manufacturing, service sector local, national, regional or global is the company tinyly dependent on critical success factors one or two factors which require close management? volatility is the environment likely to change significantly or unpredictability? monopoly, few or limited number of osition in industry players, or free market with many players and no barriers to entry is the area of operations highly controlled by regul atory environment legislation and/or regulatory bodies? are regulators intrusive or hands off? 33 34 ibid. ibid. , p. 2. 35 Clifford Tijok, Risk Management in Finance, (Lehrverangstaltung, 2005), p. 8. 36 Carl Olsson, Risk Management in Emerging Markets pp. 110-111. 18 is deregulation occurring or the level of regulation increasing? management name centralized or decentralized adequate or inadequate people and resources technology resources, financial position adequate funds available, highly or lowly geared. tatus/ownership Organizational culture Public or privately owned Is the culture strong or weak? are they simple and predictable or nature of risks faced complex/ unpredictable? is the sizing of risks manageable or is catastrophic risk a cause for concern? Such an analysis leads to adopting one of the main risk management techniques, as presented by Cliff Tijok37 risk limitation a company establishes its range of tolerance towards a given risk and constantly monitors wheth er the limits are not breached risk fend offance a company chooses the least risky survival or none of them risk transfer a company reduces or completely transfers specific risks by hedging against a risk (i. e. , obtaining amends) or diversification.Whatever the approach is, managing risks takes a degree of courage and requires the organization to take responsibility for its actions. 38 It is a continuous process, which is based on a distinct philosophy and follows a well-defined sequence of steps. 39 After the application of the methods and rules provided by risk management, the obtained info are form in a clear and logical way. This is the basis which allows the company to go one level up and prepare action schedules that will be used in case a recognized danger occurs. An essential part of such planning is encompassed by Business Continuity Management and will be discussed in the next chapter. 37 38 Cliff Tijok, Risk Management pp. 12-13. Andrew Holmes, Risk Management p. 2. 39 Reto Gallati, Risk Management p. 11. 19 CHAPTER 2 BUSINESS CONTINUITY MANAGEMENT This chapter provides information on what is Business Continuity Management, when it appeared in the history of management, what purposes it serves and how it should be organized and introduced into a companys activity. Moreover, it contains a description of the steps which lead to the preparation of a Business Continuity Plan and of the implementation process that follows. Business Continuity Management forms an integral part of Risk Management. It met with particularly deep interest in the nineties as the result of the frenzy which concerned the year 2000.At that time, there were many anticipated business tenaciousness problems, implicated by the date change in data processor systems. Business Continuity Management became even a bigger focus of attention in 2001, after the terrorist attack in New York. As Michael Gallagher observes, that huge calamity increased awareness of business interru ption issues, resulted in a better intelligence of critical processes and vulnerabilities and improved co-operation and collaboration between public and private sectors on emergency management questions. 40 Lyndon Bird adds that business today has far more economic interdependency between regions than ever before. There are often global consequences when risk becomes reality. 41 Yet, at the same time there is a growing awareness of what business persistency really is about and why it is so important to both businesses and individuals. 42 8 2. 1. The Concept of Business Continuity Management Business Continuity Management (also called BCM) is defined by the Business Continuity Institute as a holistic management process which identifies potential Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management, (Edinburgh Pearson Education Limited, 2003), p. 7 41 Lyndon Byrd, Business Continuity Management in a shrinking world, Business Continuity & Risk Management (a supplement distributed in The Times), July 26 2006, p. 2 40 20 mpacts that threaten an organization and provides a framework for building resilience and the capability for an effective reply that safeguards the interests of its key stakeholders, reputation, brand and value creating activities. Its main purpose is to enable the companys regular functioning, even though everyday operations are disrupted. As Lorraine Lane observes, organizations must be capable of withstanding the shocks that can so easily distract management from their primary purpose of meeting and beating their normal operational goals. 43 BCM appears as the solution that is exactly needed to guarantee such stability to the business. Obviously, BCM looks different in various companies as each organization is a unique system of multiple factors and interdependencies.Dr David Smith explains that because of its across-the-board nature, the way BCM is carried out will inevitably be dependent upon, and must reflect, the nature, scale and complexit y of an organizations risk profile, risk appetite and the environment in which it operates. 44 Gallagher supports this view by stating that the plan must fit comfortably with the culture and management style of the organization. For example, the type of plan that suits a financial institution would be totally inappropriate in a radio or television transmit organization. 45 It is also very important to acknowledge that the companys BCM must be always revised and tested, in order to stay valid and fulfill its tasks. As Dr Smith emphasizes, BCM is, by necessity, a dynamic, proactive and ongoing process. It must be kept up-to-date and fit-for-purpose to be effective. 46 Maintaining the validity of proper plans and policies is actually more difficult than establishing them, but this is what constitutes the point of developing BCM by a business. On the following page, there is an approximate structure of steps involved in Business Continuity Management, which is focused on planning. 42 43 ibid. Corporate resilience the new regime, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 11 44 David Smith, Business continuity and crisis management, Management Quarterly, July 2003, p. 27 45 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 43 46 ibid. 21 Scheme 2. 1. Procedures involved in Business Continuity Management47 INPUTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. scope definition desired objectives policies and standards inventory information, technology, people management commitment financeANALYSIS ASSET ASSESSMENT BUSINESS IMPACT ANALYSIS technological REQUIREMENTS 1. analyze BIA and Asset Assessment 2. list technical strategies based on the analysis of each asset and business process in scope 3. document drawbacks and advantages of each listed strategy 1. identify and quantify asset needs 2. document ownership 3. assign weight based on importance 4. assess exposure 5. identify access control and other preventive measures 1. rate processes based on criticality 2. identify dependencies 3. identify custodian 4. identify threats and consequences 5. identify safeguards needed/possible 6. list critical resource requirement 7. quantify acceptable owntime and and losses DEVELOPMENT 1. 2. 3. define continuity goals and chosen strategy in the form of a plan acquire resources needed for preparing and implementing the continuity plan test the plan RESULTS 1. 2. 3. 4. preventive control Business Continuity Plan continuity team training plan for team 47 Padmavathy Ramesh, Business Continuity Planning, (Tata Consultancy serve, 2002), p. 28 22 2. 1. 1 The Evolution of BCM As Halls observes, Business Continuity Management is a relatively modern idea. Its first mentions can be found in the 1980s, although it was only in the very late 1990s that it became a more widespread as a business discipline. 48 In fact, Business Continuity Management is the outcome of a process that started in the early 1970s as computer Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP) and then moved through an era where t he emphasis was on business continuity planning rather than on management. 49 In that time, computer managers were responsible for DRP. Soon, they realized that the concentration of systems and data in itself created new risks computer operations management introduced formal procedures governing issues such as backup and convalescence, access restrictions, physical security, resilience measures such as alternative power supply, and change control. 50 In 1970s, if a big problem appeared, the tolerated downtime was not measured in hours, but days. Therefore, the cost of back-up computers sitting idle in an alternative location waiting for a disaster to happen was prohibitive. However, for some companies, data safety was a priority no matter at what cost it would be obtained. As Gallagher points out, organizations such as banks were in a more vulnerable position and invested considerable resources in instal and testing computers at alternative sites. Back-up tapes or disks were incre asingly stored at protected locations well away from the computer centre. 51 Later, in the 1980s, commercial convalescence sites offering services started to appear, often on a shared basis. This was the start of the sophisticated recovery centers that operate today,52 notes Gallagher. However, they all concerned mainly IT The disaster recovery plans documented the actions required to safeguard and restore computer operations.These covered computer processing, computer applications, telecommunications services and data after a disruptive event. The objectives were to 48 49 Michael Halls, What is Business Continuity Management? Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 6 50 ibid. 51 ibid. 52 ibid. 23 prevent or at least minimize the impact that such an event would have on the business. 53 Such plans were far from being perfect as they were more concerned with, for example, restoring a companys financial systems to an operational state than with worrying about whether there would be accommodation available to allow the module of the finance department actually to use the systems. 54 Not much attention was paid to implementing BCL into every aspect of the companys activity. In 1990s, a significant change in the IT environment took place and the movement from DRP to Business Continuity Planning became considerably immediateer. Gallagher confirms that throughout this decade, and into the 2000s, there were significant changes in the IT approach to DRP/BCP and in what constituted acceptable downtime. The emphasis moved from being mainly on IT to an approach that considered all aspects of an organizations business and relationships. 55 It is only then that BCP has become BCM with the emphasis on management not just planning.This encompasses the emphasis on risk management and the measures to be taken to reduce risk. BCM is no longer regarded as a project it is now a program, emphasizing that it is a continuous process rather than a task with a defi ned enddate. 56 The next step is to make managers of all companies aware of the importance of BCM as the increased recognition of BCM means that a greater budget allocation may be available to it. More significantly, the heart and soul preached by business continuity practitioners for years that business continuity principles should be an integrated part of the business planning process may be heard. 57 2. 1. 2 The Significance of BCM give thanks to proper Business Continuity Management, a company has a professional plan which allows acting as quickly and efficiently as possible in case a dangerous 53 54 ibid. ibid. 55 ibid. 56 ibid. 57 ibid. 24 event happens, because BCM not only aims to provide continuity in customer service at a minimum acceptable level, it also aims to limit the impact on the financial position of an organization by ensuring that its critical functions continue to operate during a crisis and that the remainder are recovered in a controlled manner. 58 Therefore , when a BCP is applied, there are no chaotic, haphazard attempts to minimize the losses as clear and logical procedures have been devised earlier and communicated to the provide.As Mel Gosling notices, decisions made in the first few hours of an event that causes serious intermission to an organizations operations are critical, and actions compressn in the first few days will have a significant financial impact59 and a company that has an effective and well-tested Business Continuity Plan is more likely to take the right decisions in the first few hours and to subsequently undertake the best actions to limit the impact on its financial position. It has a better chance of incurring significantly less additional expenditure at the time of a disruption. 60 Moreover, one of the benefits that implementing business continuity management brings to a firm, which is not immediately apparent, is an understanding of what the business does and what is important to it. 61 In this way, a com pany can analyze its allocation of resources and improve it, as well as find out what is critical and of value, and what can be outsourced or left undone. 62 Besides, certain companies, e. g. , financial institutions, are licitly obliged to develop BCM and maintain an effective business continuity plan.It is also becoming increasingly familiar that businesses require from their suppliers to be presented with their BCM plans. This facilitates the process of assessing the suppliers infallibility and constitutes an element of developing a sound business relationship. Mel Gosling, Why invest in business continuity, 1 February 2007, . 59 ibid. 60 ibid. 61 ibid. 62 ibid. 62 ibid. 58 25 The investment into Business Continuity Management is beneficial not only in the matter of a business being prepared for multiple diverse crises. It also adds significantly to the companys reputation and brand image by demonstrating effective and efficient governance to the media, markets and stakeholders. 63 Moreover, it enhances the competitive advantage of the business, because to some investors and customers it may be a vital factor in deciding to which company they should entrust their capital. Osborne explains it as follows, To a firms shareholders its part of investor relations you are showing your commitment to keeping their investment safe. To a firms staff it is labour relations you are showing your willingness to protect the livelihood of your staff. 64 Furthermore, he stresses that its customer relations too youre demonstrating your commitment to providing a service for them even in the most extreme of circumstances. 65 remainder but not least, devising professional plans and keeping them updated increases the companys credibility in the eyes of nsurers and auditors because they are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of BCM. As Osborne observes, Five years ago, auditors simply would have said to their clients, do you have a plan in place? A couple of years ago, they would have wanted to inspect it, to see if every contingency was covered and how practical it appeared to be. Nowadays, they will ask how it worked in practice. When it was last tested and what were the results? 66 What is more, insurers like to see evidence that all reasonable steps have been taken to understand the past accident unload and that actions have been put in place to prevent them from happening again. 67 This is confirmed by Gosling, who states that redress companies themselves are now starting to realize the opportunities that business continuity provides for loss reduction, and it is becoming increasingly common for a condition of insurance cover to be the existence of a business 63 64 David Smith, Business continuity and crisis management, p. 27 need the panel of business continuity experts, 65 ibid. 66 ibid. 67 Pro-active Risk Management Avoiding catastrophe. Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 14 26 continuity plan. 68 All in all, devising an d implementing an effective BCM plans brings versatile advantages to a company, while the failure to do so means taking an unnecessary risk with an organizations future and profitability. 69 2. 1. 4 Continuity Culture in a Company A vital step in forming Business Continuity Management in a company is to instill a proper attitude in the staff.Michael Gallagher believes that it is about creating a continuity culture in the organization. This can be at least as important as producing the actual plans. 70 He also states that for BCM to work, it must be driven from the top. 71 Therefore, senior managers must understand that BCM is not just another expense but also a significant resource, 72 as Mike Osborne assures. However, the amount of data that has to be taken into consideration while developing preventive measures is overwhelming. Lane points out that while responsibility for corporate resilience sits firmly with the executive director board, the skills and experience required to co mbat the growing list of disruptive threats exists throughout the organization. 73 Thus, in large companies, it is a wise move to appoint a full-time Business Continuity Manager, whose tasks are to lay in the relevant knowledge from all departments and co-ordinate proper procedures, as well as devise professional plans and keep them updated. polisheder businesses may use the services offered by consulting companies. The staffs awareness of specific procedures ready to be applied in case of any foreseeable disaster enhances their efficiency and identification with the company. Instructing them of the specific plans encourages them to pay bigger attention to the safety issues, which significantly contributes to the BCM process. 68 69Mel Gosling, Why invest in business continuity, ibid. 70 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. XI 71 ibid. 72 Ask the panel of business continuity experts, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 12 73 David Smith, Business continuit y and crisis management p. 27 27 Gallagher explains that if the business continuity culture is sufficiently developed, the continuity considerations will be a natural part of the development of the plans. 74 2. 2 BCM and the Companys Size For the expressed majority of large corporations, BCM is a regular part of their activity but, as Gallagher states, there is a timber that it is not a matter of concern to the smaller business. 75 This happens because a lot of the emphasis in the business continuity press, and in business continuity material generally, relates to large organizations and to the financial services industry. 76 While for the largest corporations and those with enormous sums of money at stake, the complexity of planning is breathtaking,77 small and medium-sized enterprises tend to get ignored when talking about business continuity planning. The planning is more prosaic. The challenges are fewer. And most importantly, their budgets are smaller. 78 Another problem is the fact that smaller companies are typically less aware of the typeset procedures than big firms where systems have been developed. 79 The managers of small and medium-sized businesses simply tend to think that their companys size is a kind of safeguard against a disaster, or that potential recovery will be quick and simple, so the process of developing a plan is perceived as too complicated, involving excessive be and management time. 80 However, Mike Osborne emphasizes that the issue for small to medium sized businesses is that they often do not have the inherent resilience that say, a UK multinational has. 81 He warns the managers against an illusive safety printing as smaller firms often trade from a single location and do not benefit from vast armies of support staff and Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 88 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 28 76 ibid. 7 Michael Halls, What is Business Continuity Management? Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 3 78 Michael Halls, Small is still beautiful (but riskier too), Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 10 79 ibid. 80 Its never too late to plan for the future, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 15 75 74 28 specialists who can react to and recover from an incident. If they are hit by a disaster, the impact is greater then it would be the case in a larger organization. 82 This view is support by Gallagher, who states, Small businesses should remember that their biggest threats do not come from high profile incidents such as earthquakes or terrorist bombs.It is the dozens of relatively minor issues such as prolonged power outages or computer network failures that may cause the problems. The vast majority of problems are caused by people or process failures. 83 He points out that this is where the effort and investment should be concentrated. Because of size, the process is simpler and the cost will be proportionally less than for larger organizations. The consequences of not having a plan are, however, likely to be disastrous. 84 Therefore, as Michael Halls stresses, Business Continuity Management is a must for companies of all sizes. A small firm that loses its data will go out of business just as surely as a larger one. 85 2. 3 BCM in Relation to InsuranceSome managers wonder why they should engage themselves into Business Continuity Management while their company is insured. To them, devising a BCM plan seems to be an unnecessary waste of time and money, because they think that risks are looked after by the insurers and thus, there is no need to worry. But these are absolutely stupid conclusions. As Mark Baylis emphasizes, insuring the risk is not the answer, because it is better for the business that the problem does not happen at all. 86 This view is supported by Gallagher, who states that insurance is simply a necessary part of the total business protection and recovery plan but it is only a part. 87 Although it is true that insurance provides financial aid in case a disaster strikes, the money may 81 82 ibid. ibid. 83 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 28 84 ibid. 85 Michael Halls, Small is still beautiful (but riskier too), 86 Mark Baylis, Weak links in the supply chain, Business Continuity & Risk Management,, p. 11 87 Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 33 29 arrive after sooner a long period. Moreover, insurance for loss of profits, or for increased cost of working, will cover only a defined period which in practice may prove to be inadequate. 88 Besides, proving loss of profits can be very difficult.The outcome may be based on historical performance and may not take account of recent market developments. 89 It is also very important to notice that insurance will not keep customers supplied or guarantee that market share will be recovered,90 nor will it protect the organizations reputation and image. 91 Last but not least, as it was mentioned in the pre vious paragraph, there may be a situation when the insurer refuses to provide a cover unless the company devises a BCM, because nowadays businesses are required to act more actively in protecting themselves from various possible risks. Therefore, it is vital for a firm to have efficient Business Continuity Management in order to obtain insurance on approbatory terms.To sum up, managers must remember that insurance is reactive while it has its place, the whole protection process must be more proactive and BCM is the key. 92 2. 4 Business Impact Analysis Business Impact Analysis (also known as BIA) is the most important tool of Business Continuity Management. Gallagher defines it as a management-level analysis that identifies the impacts of losing company resources. It measures the effect of resource loss and escalating losses over time in order to provide senior management with reliable data upon which to base decisions on risk mitigation and continuity planning. 93 The BIA process identifies and ranks the business processes, 88 89 ibid. , p. 34 ibid. 90 ibid. 91 ibid. 92 ibid. 93 ibid. , p. 146 30 criticalities and dependencies. 94 It is closely colligate to risk analysis, which was discussed in the previous chapter, therefore, it may base on the materials that have already been gathered during the general Risk Management process in the company. The method by which BIA is carried out depends on the nature of the organization size, structure, local or international, etc. 95 Generally, in order to maximize the efficiency of a BIA processes, regulate questionnaires should be used. They should contain questions which are formed in such a way as to provide information that concerns the following issues the nature of given problems the impact of the problems, which should be presented from different perspectives, e. g. the companys reputation, cost involved, loss of future business, etc. the influence that may be caused by the problems at different times of the day, week, month and year the kind of resilience that may be currently provided in a quick and easy way the recovery from the addressed problems (time needed for recovery, priorities for resumption, duration of backlog, additional costs, insurance cover) the available workarounds and the way they operate the continuity and recovery requirements, e. g. , accommodation, computer systems, etc. 96 After the questionnaires have been filled in, the Business Continuity Manager prepares a comprehensive constitution which presents the companys Business Impact Analysis. The report is composed of the following parts 1. Introduction 2. Executive Summary 3. Background to Study 94 95 ibd. , p. 47 ibid. 96 cf. Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 57 31 4. Current show Assessment 5. Threats and Vulnerabilities 6. Critical Business Functions/Operations 7. Business Impacts Operational and Financial 8. Potential Strategies 9. Recommendations 10. Conclusion 11.Appendices97 Thanks to the logical and substantial structure, the report fully represents the current standing of the company, clearly indicates its weak points and realistically describes possible procedures. Business Continuity Management is an extremely important process, which not only enables the assumption of proper attitudes towards multiple threats that endanger a firms functioning, but it also significantly deepens the understanding of the business and improves the staffs morale. Proper implementation of BCM in a company leads to the creation of a Business Continuity Plan, which will be discussed in detail in the following chapter. 32 CHAPTER 3BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN In the previous chapters, the importance of Business Continuity Management was explained and it was stated that devising a Business Continuity Plan is one of the main tasks of this type of management. This chapter provides information on how to construct, implement and test a Business Continuity Plan. Moreover, it contain s a description of the most frequent mistakes that appear while drafting a BCP and advises how to avoid them. The exemplary plans and templates on which the analysis is based are attached as Appendices B, C, D, E and F at the end of the present thesis. 3. 1 The Structure of an Exemplary Business Continuity PlanBusiness Continuity Plans vary in length and are divided into different parts, which mostly depends on the size and type of a company. However, certain sections are vital and thus common for all the plans. They should be organized in such a way as to enable quick access to the required information. These crucial parts will be successively discussed herein. 3. 1. 1 Front Page and Introduction On the front page of a Business Continuity Plan, there should be written the name of the company, the issue date and a distinct earn stating BUSINESS CONTINUITY PLAN. Moreover, if the Plan is confidential, it should be indicated on the front page as well. Optional elements inserted here m ay include sense of touch details for feedback, references, the revision date, etc.These components are followed by an introduction, which consists of a distribution list (copy number, name and location) and a table of contents. 97 cf. Michael Gallagher, Business Continuity Management,, p. 57 33 3. 1. 2 Aim This section should contain the description of the purpose for which the Plan has been created. It usually gives examples of possible disasters and explains the objectives which the plan is think to meet in case of a calamity. What is more, a company which wishes to convey an especially powerful message concerning its reliability may include in this part a summary of the extensive works and professional researches which have been involved in the development of the Plan. 3. 1. 3 Critical Functions ChecklistCritical Functions are these activities without which the company would not be able to perform. In order to prepare a Critical Functions Checklist, the following steps should be stainless the identification of Critical Functions, e. g. , sales and distribution the description of the Functions in terms of the impact which may be caused by their interruption in the first 24 h, 48 h, one week and two weeks the prioritization of the Functions the ascription of a reasonable timeframe within which the recovery is possible the determination of resources which will be necessary in the recovery process, such as a) the staff the required number of people, their knowledge and skills b) alternative location e. g. the staff working at home or provisional premises together with necessary equipment like computers, cars c) data information and documents, e. g. , insurance certificate, service, customers and suppliers details d) communications all ways in which customers, suppliers, the staff and media can be contacted in case of disaster. 34 Such a Checklist allows ensuring that critical tasks are completed on time and according to a pre-agreed priority schedu le. It may also be used to provide a handover document between different shifts in the recovery process. 98 3. 1. 4 Risk Analysis Table This part should contain a table comprising a list of dangers which may interrupt and threaten the activity of the company.The ground substance presented below may be used to ascribe values to the particular risks with regard to the likelihood of their occurrence and their potential impact. Table 3. 1. 4 Risk Matrix LIKELIHOOD NEGLIGIBLE CATASTROPHIC RARE improbable POSSIBLE PROBABLE M M M L L H H M L L VH VH H M L VH VH H M L VH VH H M L IMPACT SIGNIFICANT MODERATE MINOR INSIGNIFICANT Legend L low, M- medium, H high, VH very high Moreover, there may be also attached a list of possible losses, jeopardize people and equipment, as well as the actions which had to be taken in case a particular risk occurs. 98 Appendix D, p. 77. 35 3. 1. 4 Emergency Response Checklist Such a Checklist greatly facilitates the performance of people involved in fight ing a potential adverse event.It also acts a concise register of actions that were taken after the disaster happened. It should be later analyzed, developed and improved. It is preferable that tasks to be completed are organized in the form of a table, together with a column in which the date of termination will be written down. The actions may be listed as follows during the first 24 h a) to establish the Actions and Expenses Log, which is a more detailed and comprehensive version of the Emergency Response Checklist b) to contact emergency services c) to identify and approximately assess the damage which has been incurred by the staff, equipment, buildings, data, etc. d) to determine the critical functions which have been interrupted e) to decide on the steps that need to be taken within the recovery process, which is based on the Critical Function Checklist f) to contact the staff, customers, suppliers, insurers, relevant government and other stakeholders in order to assure them that the situation is under control g) to issue a special PR statement to the media. nonchalant within the recovery period a) to update the Actions and Expenses Log b) to provide valid information to the staff, customers, suppliers, insurers, relevant authorities and other stakeholders, as well as the media after the recovery period a) to interview the staff with celebrate to their welfare needs b) to analyze the Emergency Response Checklist and Actions and Expenses Log in order to introduce possible improvements into the Business Continuity Plan. 36As it can be seen, the response to the crisis should focus on its effects, not on the causes. The reasons of the adverse event should be identified as quickly as possible, but a comprehensive analysis of them must not be performed before the main steps of the recovery process have been taken. 3. 1. 5 Roles and Responsibilities This section should contain information and contact details regarding the people who are responsible for th e shape and content of the Business Continuity Plan (e. g. , Business Continuity Manager, the BCM Team). Moreover, there may be included a list of duties which are ascribed to the particular staff members in case an adverse event happens.Last but not least, it is necessary to indicate the names and contact details of the co-ordinators of the recovery process, help-line numbers (possibly, with pre-recorded messages) and location of meeting suite and the Business Recovery Command Centre, together with maps. 3. 1. 6 Contact List In this part, there should be listed the following contact details staff members (divided in respect to the departments) and their next of kin a) name, b) address, c) work telecommunicate number, d) home telephone number, e) mobile telephone number, f) e-mail address key suppliers a) name, b) provided goods, c) address, d) telephone/fax number, 37 e) e-mail address key customers a) name, b) service/good used, c) address, d) telephone/fax number, e) e-mail address mergency services (ambulance, fire service, flood line, hospitals, police) a) address, b) telephone number utilities (water, telecommunication, gas and electricity companies) a) name, b) telephone number, c) e-mail address insurers and banks a) name, b) address, c) telephone/fax number, d) e-mail address authorities a) name b) address c) telephone/fax number media a) name, b